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フランシス・ジェフリー（ジェフリー卿）（Francis Jeffrey, 1773年10月23日 – 1850年1月26日) はスコットランドの裁判官で文芸批評家. 『エジンバラ・レビュー』の創刊に携わり、ウィリアム・ワーズワースやロバート・サウジーら湖水地方の詩人らをLake Poetsと揶揄し辛辣な評価を下したことで知られている.

生涯
フランシス・ジェフリーはエジンバラで、the court of sessionの書記であったジョージ・ジェフリーの息子として生まれた. Royal Hight Schoolに6年間通った後、1787年から1789年5月までグラスゴー大学、1791年9月から1792年6月までオックスフォード大学のクイーンズ・カレッジで学んだ. エジンバラ時代は法学を学んでおり、後に再び学びなおすことになる. the speculative societyのメンバーとなり、そこでウォルター・スコット、Lord Brougham、Francis Horner、 the Marquess of Lansdowne、Lord Kinnairdらと論戦を交えて（法曹人としての？）研鑽を積んだ. 1794年12月にはスコットランドでの弁護士に認可されたが、教育を通じて身につけてきたトーリー主義的な思想を捨てホイッグに傾倒したために、法曹界でm身を立てることが難しくなった.

He was born in Edinburgh, the son of George Jeffrey, a clerk in the Court of Session. After attending the Royal High School for six years, he studied at the University of Glasgow from 1787 to May 1789, and at Queen's College, Oxford, from September 1791 to June 1792. He had begun the study of law at Edinburgh before going to Oxford, and returned to it afterwards. He became a member of the Speculative Society, where he measured himself in debate with Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham, Francis Horner, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Kinnaird and others. He was admitted to the Scottish bar in December 1794, but, having abandoned the Tory principles in which he had been educated, he found that his Whig politics hampered his legal prospects.

Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey by Robert Scott Moncrieff. フランシス・ジェフリーの肖像（Robert Scott Moncrieff作）

1798年にロンドンに出て、ジャーナリズムに手を出すがうまくいかず、また定職にもつけなかった. 1801年キャサリン・ウィルソン（Catherine Wilson）と結婚し、安定した収入が一層必要となった. 住まいのBuccleuch PlaceでSydney Smith、Henry Brougham (afterwards Lord Brougham), Francis Hornerらが集まった際にスミスが持ちだした新しい文芸雑誌の発案が、1802年10月10日に発行された『エジンバラ・レビュー』として結実した.

In consequence of his lack of success at the bar he went to London in 1798 to try his hand at journalism, but without success; he also failed in his attempts to obtain a salaried position. His marriage to Catherine Wilson in 1801 made the question of a settled income even more pressing. A project for a new review, brought up by Sydney Smith in Jeffrey's flat (on Buccleuch Place) in the presence of Henry Brougham (afterwards Lord Brougham), Francis Horner and others, resulted in the appearance on 10 October 1802 of the Edinburgh Review.

当初『エジンバラ・レビュー』には編集者がおらず、最初の3号はスミスの手によって編集がなされ、彼がロンドンに発つ際にはジェフリーの手に委ねられた. ジェフリーは後に、出版者のアーチボルド・コンスタブル（Archibald Constable）との協定によって固定給の編集者となった. 関係者のほとんどはホイッグ党であり、雑誌の方向性は概して社会・政治の変革を訴えることにあったが、当初は党派色がほとんどなかったため、寄稿者の中にはウォルター・スコットのような保守派？？？もいた. ホイッグへの偏向が鮮明になったのは、1808年にジェフリー自身が書いた、フランス軍のスペイン侵略に関するドン・ペドロ・C（Don Pedro Cevallos）の作品についての記事以降である. この記事はスペインでのイギリス軍の活動に失意の念を表したため、スコットが即座に購読を取り下げ、政治的に対立する『クォータリー・レビュー』が創刊されるきっかけになった. コックバーン卿（Lord Cockburn）によると、『エジンバラ・レビュー』の創刊号のインパクトは「衝撃的（"electrical"）」であった. 当時のイギリスの評論紙は実質的に出版者のものであり、寄稿記事も雇われ文筆家が出版者の利害に沿って書くよう指示されたものであった. 一方『エジンバラ・レビュー』は、出版者ではなく編集者の指示を受けて記事を書く、有能かつ独立した書き手スタッフを抱えていた. 彼らの手取りは1 sheet（16ページ）あたり6ギニ―で、多くの場合後に25ギニ―まで上がった（ロンドンの評論家は2ギニ―しか受け取っていなかった）. 『エジンバラ・レビュー』は文芸批評だけに終始せず、穏健なホイッグ党の世論を発表する信頼できる機関となった. ★記事の出発点となるような特定のworkは、書き手の政治、社会、倫理、文芸に関する見解を聡明に、鋭く開陳するきっかけとなることが多かった. 創設に携わった有能なメンバーらが離脱したのちも、この方法の一般的な原理や目新しさゆえに、雑誌は成功の道を辿った. 総計で12,000部が配布され、ジェフリーの編集は1829年6月発行の98号まで26年続いた. ジェフリーはMacvey Napierを好んで辞職した★.

At the outset the Review did not have an editor. The first three numbers were effectively edited by Sydney Smith. On his leaving for England the work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with Archibald Constable, the publisher, was eventually appointed editor at a fixed salary. Most of those involved were Whigs; but, although the general bias of the Review was towards social and political reforms, it was at first so little of a party organ that it numbered Sir Walter Scott among its contributors; and no distinct emphasis was given to its political leanings until the publication in 1808 of an article by Jeffrey himself on the work of Don Pedro Cevallos on the French Usurpation of Spain. This article expressed despair of the success of the British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon afterwards started in opposition. According to Lord Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was "electrical." The English reviews were at that time practically publishers' organs, with articles by hack writers instructed to obey the publishers' interests. The Edinburgh Review, on the other hand, enlisted a brilliant and independent staff of contributors, guided by the editor, not the publisher. They received sixteen guineas a sheet (sixteen printed pages), increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, instead of the two guineas earned by London reviewers. The review was not limited to literary criticism but became the accredited organ of moderate Whig public opinion. ★The particular work which provided the starting-point of an article was in many cases merely the occasion for the exposition, always brilliant and incisive, of the author's views on politics, social subjects, ethics or literature. These general principles and the novelty of the method ensured the success of the undertaking even after the original circle of exceptionally able men who founded it had been dispersed. It had a circulation of 12,000. Jeffrey's editorship lasted about twenty-six years, ceasing with the ninety-eighth number, published in June 1829, when he resigned in favour of Macvey Napier.

ジェフリー自身の記事は200本を数え、6本以外は全て編集者の仕事を辞める前に書いたものである. 彼はふとした気晴らしのため、あるいは特段の準備もせずにさっと書きあげることが多く、言葉の滑らかさ、豊かな想像力や道徳的感情、そして、文体が奇妙だったり美的規範から少しでもはずれるとすぐにそれを見抜く洞察力ゆえに、彼の批評は刺激的で効果的であった. しかし概して彼の了見は狭く気の小さいものだったために、政治、あるいは知的・道徳的な事柄に関して潜在的な力を見定め評価することは不得手であった. こうした理解力や共感能力の欠如ゆえに、彼はロマン主義詩人のパーシー・ビッシー・シェリーやジョン・キーツの情熱や空想を嫌悪し、またサミュエル・ロジャーズ（Samuel Rogers）やトマス・キャンベル（Thomas Campbell）の中途半端で華奢な情緒を賞賛した.

Jeffrey's own contributions numbered two hundred, all except six being written before his resignation of the editorship. He wrote quickly, at odd moments of leisure and with little special preparation. Great fluency and ease of diction, considerable warmth of imagination and moral sentiment, and a sharp eye to discover any oddity of style or violation of the accepted canons of good taste, made his criticisms pungent and effective. But the essential narrowness and timidity of his general outlook prevented him from detecting and estimating latent forces, either in politics or in matters strictly intellectual and moral; and this lack of understanding and sympathy accounts for his distrust and dislike of the passion and fancy of Shelley and Keats, and for his praise of the half-hearted and elegant romanticism of Samuel Rogers and Thomas Campbell.

16号ではジェフリーはトマス・ムア（Thomas Moore）の詩の道徳性を批判したため、1806年に両者はチョーク・ファーム（Chalk Farm）で決闘をすることになった. 結局当局に止められ、ジェフリーのピストルには銃弾が入っていないことも明らかになった. この事件の後両者は和解し、ムアが『エジンバラ・レビュー』に寄稿し、ジェフリーもLalla Rookh (1817)についての記事で相応の償いの姿勢を見せるほどであった.

A criticism in the sixteenth number of the Review on the morality of Thomas Moore's poems led in 1806 to a duel between the two authors at Chalk Farm. The proceedings were stopped by the police, and Jeffrey's pistol was found to contain no bullet. The affair led to a warm friendship, and Moore contributed to the Review, while Jeffrey made ample amends in a later article on Lalla Rookh (1817).

1805年にジェフリーの妻が死去したが、1810年には、ニュー・ヨークのチャールズ・ウィルクス（Charles Wilkes）の娘で、ジョン・ウィルクス（John Wilkes）の又姪であるシャーロット（Charlotte）と親密になる. 彼女がアメリカに帰国した際ジェフリーも同伴し、二人は1813年に結婚した. 夫婦はスコットランドに戻る前にアメリカの都市をいくつか周り、この経験を通じてアメリカに対する融和的な政策を一層強く擁護するようになった

Jeffrey's wife had died in 1805, and in 1810 he became acquainted with Charlotte, daughter of Charles Wilkes of New York, and great-niece of John Wilkes. When she returned to the United States, Jeffrey followed her, and they were married in 1813. Before returning to Scotland, they visited several of the chief American cities, and his experience strengthened Jeffrey in the conciliatory policy he had advocated towards the States.

『エジンバラ・レビュー』自体は成功の一途を辿ったものの、ジェフリーは自分の立身のための主戦場である法曹界に目を向けることも忘れなかった. 文芸批評家としての評価を得たことは、弁護士としての出世を後押しした. 彼の業務はやがて民事、刑事裁判両方に及ぶようになり、スコットランド国教会の全体集会にも定期的に出席した. 彼の機敏で鋭い洞察力は、証人や相手側の主張の脆弱なところを見抜くのにも十二分に発揮された.

Notwithstanding the increasing success of the Review, Jeffrey continued to look to the bar as the chief field of his ambition. His literary reputation helped his professional advancement. His practice extended rapidly in the civil and criminal courts, and he regularly appeared before the general assembly of the Church of Scotland. As an advocate his sharpness and rapidity of insight gave him a formidable advantage in the detection of the weaknesses of a witness and the vulnerable points of his opponent's case, while he grouped his own arguments with an admirable eye to effect, especially excelling in eloquent closing appeals to a jury. Jeffrey was twice, in 1820 and 1822, elected Rector of the University of Glasgow. In 1829 he was chosen dean of the Faculty of Advocates. On the return of the Whigs to power in 1830 he became Lord Advocate, and entered parliament at a by-election in January 1831 as member for the Perth burghs. The election was overturned on petition, and in March he was returned at a by-election for Malton, a borough in the interest of Lord Fitzwilliam. He was re-elected in Malton at the general election in May 1831, but was also returned for the Perth burghs and chose to sit for the latter. After the passing of the Scottish Reform Bill, which he introduced in parliament, he was returned for Edinburgh in December 1832. At this time he was living at 24 Moray Place in the west end of Edinburgh.[1]

Grave in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh His parliamentary career, which, though not brilliantly successful, had won him high general esteem, was terminated by his elevation to the judicial bench as Lord Jeffrey in May 1834. In 1842 he was moved to the first division of the Court of Session. On the disruption of the Scottish Church he took the side of the seceders, giving a judicial opinion in their favour, afterwards reversed by the House of Lords.

He died at Edinburgh and was buried in the "Lords Row" near the western wall in Dean Cemetery on the west side of the city.

Some of his contributions to the Edinburgh Review appeared in four volumes in 1844 and 1845. This selection includes the essay on "Beauty" contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica. The Life of Lord Jeffrey, with a Selection from his Correspondence, by Lord Cockburn, appeared in 1852 in 2 vols. See also the Selected Correspondence of Macvey Napier (1877); the sketch of Jeffrey in Carlyle's Reminiscences, vol. ii. (1881); and an essay by Lewis E Gates in Three Studies in Literature (New York, 1899).

Memorials Jeffrey Street (a planned street of 1868) in Edinburgh is named in his memory.

A bust by Sir John Steell stands on the east wall of Parliament Hall in Edinburgh.[2]

Family Francis Jeffrey's first wife, Catherine Wilson, died 8 August 1805, aged only 28, and is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, as is his brother, John Jeffrey (1775-1848).[3]

His sister, Marian, married Dr Thomas Brown of Lanfine and Waterhaughs FRSE in 1800.[4]