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UNIT - 17 WEB 2.0

WEB 2.0 web 2.0 was first used in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci, but it came into prominence in 2004 when O’Reilly Media hosted the first Web 2.0 conference. Web 2.0 is the place where the users (teachers, students and anyone) could read and write. It has taken the educational delivery to the next level of advancement where content can be generated online through collaboration. It is an innovative platform where the creative minds meet and discuss or share ideas. Before proceeding further, let’s understand the difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0.

Technology and Standards Data is the backbone of Web. All the major Internet applications are based on some specialised database like: Google’s web crawl, Yahoo!’s directory (and web crawl), Amazon’s database of products, eBay’s database of products and sellers, MapQuest’s map databases, Napster’s distributed song database, etc. Web 2.0 technologies allow users to store all kind of data. This need has given rise to a new kind of Internet based services like: Some of the standards and technologies that are used in the Web 2.0 are as follows :
 * Internet - connectivity and regional Internet caching
 * Internet - Filtering
 * Application training
 * Learning management system (LMS) hosted service delivery
 * LMS - development
 * Third-party LMS procurement and management
 * Online community development and hosting
 * Firewall intrusion protection
 * Personal workspace, shared folders/library/ search
 * Portal controlled filtering
 * Unified communications (UC): email, Web mail and filtering
 * UC: videoconferencing - desktop and meeting room; white boarding; application sharing
 * UC: collaboration - instant messaging
 * Web site hosting
 * Content : hosting - external and internal
 * Content: delivery - Webcasting and broadcasting
 * Supporting content development

OpenID :. OpenID is a form of single digital identity ocross the web and is already used by providers like Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, AOL, and MySpace etc. With the help of this digital identity you can easily log on to a site and interact or contribute

RSS : RSS is an acronym for “Really Simple Syndication”. Maybe while surfing websites you have already noticed the orange RSS icon. It was developed by Netscape in 1999 and is used on websites to allow the publication of recurrently updated items from an external source. Feeds allow you to have new content delivered to a computer or mobile device as soon as it is published

OAuth: With the help of OAuth you can publish and interact with protected data on the Internet. This may happen when an Internet based application you are using needs more information from you like your date of birth or from a person who has logged on to a site via his OpenID asking for email address

Microformat: These are a set of simple, open data formats used to represent data in XHTML.Microformats embed these XHTML data directly into the web pages which is then accessed or viewed by the user with the help of an internet based application or service (for example through some search engine or browser plug-in). Microformats enable adding context to information so that other services can use that on automated basis.

Ajax (shorthand for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. The use of Ajax techniques has led to an increase in interactive or dynamic interfaces on web pages as in Web 2.0. Some other technologies that make Ajax are HTML, XML, XHTML. CCS, XSLT, XMLHttpRequest, Document Object Model and Javascript.

Javascript is an object oriented scripting language that enables enhanced interactivity be providing a dynamic website. The JavaScript is used to write functions that are embedded in or included from HTML pages to interact with the Document Object Model (DOM) of the page.

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is an application profile of Standard Generalized Markup Language that believes in the use of markup should describe a document’s structure and other attributes, rather than specify the processing to be performed on it

Key Web 2.0 Services Web 2.0 offers many services pertaining to different areas like social networking, collaboration, content sharing in terms of photo sharing or document sharing or video sharing etc. Some of the key Web 2.0 services are:


 * Blogs
 * Wikis
 * RSS and syndication
 * Tagging and social bookmarking
 * Multimedia sharing
 * Audio blogging and podcasting
 * Newer Web 2.0 services and applications

BLOGS

A blog is a personal website that contains content organized like a journal or a diary. Each entry is dated, and the entries are displayed on the web page in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent entry is posted at the top. Though blogs are typically thought of as personal journals, there is no limit to what may be covered in a blog. It is common for people to write blogs to describe their work, their hobbies, their pets, social and political issues, or news and current events. And while blogs are typically the work of one individual, blogs combining contributions of several people, ‘group blogs’, are also popular.

Blogs are connected to each other to form what is commonly known as the ‘blogosphere’. The most common form of connection is form blogs to link to each other. Blog authors may also post a list of blogs they frequently read; this list is known as a ‘blogroll’. Blogs may also be read through special readers, known as ‘RSS readers’, which aggregate blog summaries produced by blog software. Readers use RSS readers to ‘subscribe’ to a blog. Popular web-based RSS readers include Google Reader and Bloglines. You have studied about RSS in the previous unit.

Using Blogs in Education

Blogs are widely popular in education, as evidenced by the 400 thousand educational blogs hosted by edublogs (www.edublogs.org). Teachers have been using them to support teaching and learning since 2005 (Downes, 2004). Through years of practice, a common understanding has formed around the benefits of the use of blogs in education (see http://anne.teachesme.com/ 2007/01/17/rationale-for-educational-blogging/).

WIKIS

A wiki is a website which can be edited by oneone having an account on the wiki platform. Wiki is a great tool for collaboration over the Internet and a store house of information. Allowing anyone to add, delete or edit the content on the wiki pages has made it an effective tool for collaborative writing. The term wiki has been taken from Hawaii Language, where they call it wiki wiki (means quick or fast). In simple terms, wiki can be taken as simplified webpages where all the previous versions of a page are also stored. This enables one to retrieve any past page. There are different tools inbuilt in a wiki system to keep track of changing information on wiki pages or uploading images, audio or video or providing links (URL) to internal pages or external websites (external links).

Strengths of WIKI

•	Free, openly available to anyone (you need an internet connection to access pages). •	You can write on the topic of your interest where others can contribute to your content. •	Since others can contribute to your content, it encourages peer review of content and quality of content may improve. •	The wiki pages can be edited by any user (who is authorised to do so, in other words, who is a registered user). •	The history of all the pages created is saved and any time you can revert back to a page. •	The ‘Watch’ feature enables to be informed of any change of content on that page. •	It provides a collaborative platform for developing and sharing content, different people can work from different parts on same document. •	You can include online quizzes and assessment activities in your course modules.

Limitations of WIKI

•	There can be incomplete information or page on a wiki platform. •	Since anyone can edit the pages, there are chances that incorrect information can be uploaded on to the pages. (But since others can read that and correct it, so this aspect can be taken care of). Also at systems level editing can be blocked if required. •	The educational institutions are yet to recognise it as a full scale mode of instruction delivery as there are questions about the validity and reliability of content. •	Since there is no formal structure of wiki, therefore the information can be disorganised if page designing is not done carefully.

Software for Wiki

There are many software available for creating your own wiki. The Wikimedia Foundation’s MediaWiki is one of the most widely used open source wiki technology that is robust enough to also host an encyclopaedia (e.g. Wikipedia and its different versions such as wikibooks, wikiversity, etc.). you may like to host a media wiki server for which you need the https://helpiewp.com/wiki-software/ SOCIAL NETWORKING

. Social networking in the context of distance education can be defined as “networked tools that support and encourage learning through face-to-face and online interactions while retaining individual control over time, space, presence, activity and identity” (Anderson, 2006). Key to understanding both the power and the disruptive affordances of social networking is what Dalsgaard (2008) refers to as transparency – making visible and retrievable the activities, ideas, communications, artifacts and interests of others. There are many different network learning applications. Some are generalized and multi-faceted application systems that combine social networking applications including blogs, wikis, profiles, resource tagging, documents sharing and other services.

For e-learning applications social networking serves three broad functions :

Socializing: Many forms of distance education and their e-learning derivatives have focused on the provision of content to students and provided only limited contact between student and teacher and often no opportunity for student-student interaction

Sharing: One of the most common informal and formal learning applications of network software is the capacity to store, organize and annotate network resources. These include favorite web sites, photographs, music, travel recommendations, references, books and many other electronic resources that people want to be able to quickly retrieve, annotate and share with others.

Sojourning: To sojourn means to travel or work with others. There is ample evidence from both class room delivery and distance education at all levels of formal education that collaborative and cooperative learning increases learning effectiveness, motivation, persistence and develops interpersonal and communications skill collaborative