User:Paracrinozoa/sandbox

Who is Paracrinozoa?
I am Nick Gardner, a librarian in West Virginia University Libraries on the Keyser Campus/Potomac State College. My undergrad was in ecology and evolutionary biology at Marshall University and my Google Scholar profile is linked here: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TAOzM7wAAAAJ&hl=en

Haramiyida

 * Clade Mammaliaformes Rowe, 1988
 * Order Haramiyda Hahn et al., 1989
 * Suborder Euharamiyida Bi et al., 2014
 * ?Cryoharamiya tarda AVerianov et al, 2019
 * Eleutherodontidae indet. cf. Sineleutherus sp. Averianov et al., 2018

References


 * 1) Averianov, A. O., Martin, T., Lopatin, A. V., Skutschas, P. P., Schellhorn, R., Kolosov, P. N., & Vitenko, D. D. (2018). A high-latitude fauna of mid-Mesozoic mammals from Yakutia, Russia. PLoS ONE, 13, e0199983.
 * 2) Averianov, A. O., Martin, T., Lopatin, A. V., Skutschas, P. P., Schellhorn, R., Kolosov, P. N., & Vitenko, D. D. (2019). A new euharamiyidan mammaliaform from the Lower Cretaceous of Yakutia, Russia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39(6), e1762089.

Books and papers of Joachim Hauser
1997:

Hauser, Joachim. Die Crinoiden des Mittel-Devon der Eifler-Kalkmulden. Self-published, 1997. [284 pages, 48 figures, 75 tables, 76 plates, ISBN: 3-00-001260-5]

1999:

Hauser, Joachim. Die Crinoiden der Frasnes-Stufe (Oberdevon) vom Südrand der Dinant-Mulde (Belgische und französische Ardennen). Self-published, 1999. [156 pages, 45 figures, 46 tables, 38 plates, ISBN: 3-00-004493-0]

Carboniferous plant faunas of West Virginia
User:Paracrinozoa/Paleozoic_Appalachian_Paleoflora

WV, OH, PA System (Flora after Read, 1947)
 * Lower Dunkard Group (upper Pennsylvanian)
 * Monongahela Formation (upper Penn.) (Danaeites in upper/Lescuropteris in lower)
 * Conemaugh Group (upper Penn.) (Lescuropteris in upper Conemaugh)
 * Allegheny Formation (middle Penn.) (Neuropteris flexuosa and Pecopteris spp. in upper/Neuropteris rarinervis in lower)
 * Kanawha Formation (middle Penn.) (Neuropteris tenuifolia in major portion/Cannophyllites at base)
 * Donaldson et al. (1985); Martino (1996), Map - Fig 1., Strat - Fig. 2
 * Lee Fm/New River Formation (lower Penn.) (Mariopteris pygmaea, Neuropteris tennesseeana, Ovopteris communis, Alloiopteris inaequilateralis, and Alethopteris decurrens)
 * Pottsville Formation/lower New River Formation (Mariopteris pottsvillea and Aneimites spp.)
 * Lower Pottsville Formation/Pocahontas Formation (lower Penn.) (Neuropteris pocahontas and Mariopteris eremopteroides)

References
 * 1) Donaldson, A. C., Renton, J. J., & Presley, M. W. (1985). Pennsylvanian deposystems and paleoclimates of the Appalachians. International Journal of Coal Geology, 5, 167-193.
 * 2) Martino, R. L. (1996). Stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Kanawha Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian), southern West Virginia, U.S.A. International Journal of Coal Geology, 31, 217-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00018-3
 * 3) Read, C. B. (1947). Pennsylvanian floral zones and floral provinces. Journal of Geology, 55(3), 271-279. http://www.jstor.com/stable/30058168

Other bibliographic projects of Crinoidea/Crinozoa
Webster, G. D. (2020). Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids. Retrieved from http://crinoids.azurewebsites.net/

Miscellaenous Ordovician Echinodermata papers
Regarding early asterozoan phylogeny, Blake (2008) writes, "Previous researchers offer diverse perspectives on early asterozoan phylogeny (e.g., Spencer, 1914-1940, 1951; Schuchert, 1915; Fell, 1963; Spencer and Wright, 1966; Mooi and David, 2000), and Shackleton (2005) presented the first comprehensive cladistic analysis of early asterozoans. The writer has published preliminary cladistic analyses (Blake, 1998; Blake and Hagdorn, 2003) ..." (p. 645).


 * Class Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830
 * Family Embolasteridae Blake, 2008, p. 653
 * Embolaster Blake, 2008, p. 654
 * Embolaster graffhami Blake, 2008, p. 654, Figs. 1, 2.1-2.5, 3, 4.8, 5.2

Asterozoan references:

Blake, D. B. (2008). A new Ordovician asteroid (Echinodermata) with somasteroid-like skeletal elements. Journal of Paleontology, 82(4), 645-656. https://doi.org/0022-3360/08/0082-645$03.00

Updating a combined phylogeny of Echinodermata
Data matrices organized by Graeme Lloyd: http://www.graemetlloyd.com/matrechi.html

Differing trees of Echinodermata

Tree after Hunter (2017), Fig. 3, 38 taxa x 73 characters

--+-- Helicocystis |-- Kailidiscus |-- Edrioaster |-- Pseudedriophus |-- Stromatocystites `--+-- Kinzercystis `--+-- Felbabkacystis |--Gogia |-- Sinoeocrinus |-- Akadocrinus `--+-- Titanocrinus |-- Glenocrinus |--+-- Apektocrinus | `--+-- Eknomocrinus |    `--+-- Aethocrinus |       `-- Iocrinus `--+-- Cantabrigiaster `--+-- Villebrunaster |--+-- Chinianaster | `-- Thoralaster `--+-- Ophioxenikos |-- Archegonaster |--+-- Stenaster | `--+-- Urasterella |    |-- Cnemidactis |    |-- Platanaster |    `--+-- Hudsonaster |       `-- Petraster `--+-- Phragmactis |-- Rhopalocoma |-- Maydenia `--+-- Eriniceaster |-- Pradesura |-- Eophiura `--+-- Palaeura `--+-- Protaster `--+-- Encrinaster `-- Ophiocantabria

Trees after O'Malley et al. (2016), Figs. 2, 3, 4

Guensberg & Sprinkle, 2001, 2009 in O'Malley et al. (2016), fig. 2a

--+-- Stem-group echinoderms `--+--+-- stem-group blastozoans | `-- rhombiferan blastozoans `--+-- crownward edrioasteroids `--+-- stem-group crinoids `-- crown-group crinoids

David et al., 2000 in O'Malley et al. (2016), fig. 2b

--+-- Helicoplacoids `--+-- Edrioasteroids `--+-- Blastozoans `--+--+-- Crinoids | `-- Stylophorans `-- AOHE (Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Holothuroidea, and Echinoidea)

Paul & Smith, 1984 in O'Malley et al. (2016), fig. 3a (Fig 3b is just after Sumrall, 1997)

--+-- Helicoplacoids `--+--+-- Camptostroma | `--+-- Crinoids |    `-- Blastozoans `--+-- Stromatocystites `--+-- Archegonaster `-- AOHE

Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) in O'Malley et al. (2016), fig. 4b

--+--+-- Crinoids | `--+-- Blastoid |    `-- Diploporan `--+-- Edrioasteroid `--+-- Asteroid `-- Echinoid This is according to the authors, the data could be interpreted differently. There should have been some more involved analytical methods here...

From Sumrall (1996), 145? or 146 characters, p. 140-143, Fig. 33, 34 and from Sumrall (1997):

--Echinodermoformes |-- Camptostromatoidea |-- Imbricata |-- Helicoplacoidea `--Echinodermata |--Eleutherozoa | |--Asterozoa | |  |--Asteroidoformes | |  `--Ophiuroidoformes | `--Echinozoa |    |--Echinoidoformes |    `--Holothuroidoformes `--Dorsistomata |--Edrioasterida `--+-- Isorophinida `--+--+-- Cambraster | `-- Cyclocystoidea `--Blastozoa |--Lichenoides `--+-- Gogia `--+--Homalozoa | |--Homoiostelea | `--+--Homostelea |    `--+--Ctenocystoidea |       `--Stylophora `--+--Eumorphocystitidea `--+--+-- Holocystites | `-- Rhopalocystis `-- Crinozoa

--Crinozoa |-- Caryocystitida `--Crinoidomorpha |--Crinoidoformes |--Parablastoidea `--+-- ?Paracrinozoa `--+--+-- Lingulocystidae | `--?Paracrinozoa |--Glyptocystitiformes | |--Ridersia | `--Glyptocystitidae `--Blastoidomorpha |--Hemicosmitida |--Trachelocrinidae `--Blastoidoformes |--Lysocystites `--+--Coronoidea `--Blastoidea

--Paracrinozoa |-- Paracrinoidea |-- Cryptocrinities `-- Rhipidocystidae

Guensburg et al. (2020), p. 329, Fig 12 (Strict consensus)

--+-- Stromatocystites pentangularis |-- Kailidiscus chinensis |--+-- Camptostroma roddyi | |-- Ceratocystis pemeri | `--+-- Glenocrinus globularis |    |-- Titanocrinus sumralli |    `--+-- Eknomocrinus wahwahensis |       `--+-- Apektocrinus ubaghsi |          `--+-- Aethocrinus moorei |             `--+--+-- Alphacrinus mansfieldi |                |  `-- Athenacrinus broweri |                `--+-- Carabocrinus treadwelli |                   `-- Hypocrinus nitidus |--+-- "Totiglobus" lloydi | `-- Pseudedriopholus guensburgi `--+-- Kinzercystis durhami |-- Lepidocystis wanneri `--+-- Gogia kitchenerensis `--+-- Rhopalocystis destombesi |-- Macrocystella mairae `-- Eumorphocystis multiporata

In the 50% majority-rule consensus, Glenocrinus and Titanocrinus form a clade (n.f. 55, b.s. 54) and "Totiglobus" lloydi+Pseudedriolophus is the sister to Kailidiscus. The tree topology is otherwise the same to the strict consensus.

Nardin & Bohatý (2011), p. 541, Fig. 5 - Strict consensus

--+-- Cuniculocystis |-- Macrocystella |-- Cheirocystella `--+--Deltacystinae | |-- Deltacystis | `-- Plethoschisma `--"Pleurocystitinae" |-- Amecystis |--+-- Pygecystis | `--+-- Pleurocystites |    `-- Praepleurocystites `--+-- Turgidacytis |-- Hillocystis `--Henicocystinae |-- Coopericystis |-- Henicocystis `-- Regulaecystis

From Shackleton (2005), p. 52, Fig. 13, p. 54, Fig. 15

Tree of Asterozoans

Foote (1994) created a matrix of characters focused on "overall morphological disparity", not "acquisition of novelties" (p. 2). His overall matrix had 75 characters (14 pelma, 26 dorsal cup, 27 arms including fixed brachial and interbrachial plates, 8 anus and tegmen). He commented his arm characters were similar to Kendrick (1992).


 * 1) Ausich, W. I., Kammer, T. W., Rhenberg, E. C., & Wright, D. F. (2015). Early phylogeny of crinoids within the pelmatozoan clade. Palaeontology, 58(6), 937-952.
 * 2) Foote, M. (1994). Morphology of Ordovician-Devonian crinoids. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, 29(1), 1-39.
 * 3) Guensburg, T. E., Sprinkle, J., Mooi, R., Lefebvre, B., David, B., Roux, M., & Derstler, K. (2020). Athenacrinus n. gen. and other early echinoderm inform crinoid origin and arm evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 94(2), 311-333. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.87
 * 4) Hunter, A. W. (2017). A primitive starfish ancestor from the Early Ordovician of Morocco reveals the origin of crown group Echinodermata. bioRxiv. Retrieved from https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/11/09/216101.full.pdf
 * 5) Nardin, E., & Bohatý, J. (2011). A new pleurocystitid blastozoan from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany) and its phylogenetic importance. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58(3), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0116
 * 6) O'Malley, C. E., Ausich, W. I., & Chin, Y.-P. (2016). Deep echinoderm phylogeny preserved in organic molecules from Paleozoic fossils. https://doi.org/10.1130/G37761.1
 * 7) Shackleton, J. D. (2005). Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 3(1), 29-114.
 * 8) Stöhr, S. (2012). Ophiuroid (Echinodermata) systematics—Where do we come from, where do we stand and where should we go? Zoosymposia, 7, 147-161.
 * 9) Sumrall, C. D. (1996). A phylogenetic analysis of Echinodermata based on primitive fossil taxa (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Texas, Austin, TX.
 * 10) Sumrall, C. D. (1997). The role of fossils in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Echinodermata. Palaeontological Society Papers, 3, 267-288.

Bibliography of Cenozoic Crinoidea (up to 2020)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C21&q=%2Bfossil+%2Bcenozoic+%2BCrinoid+OR+%2BCrinoidea+&btnG=

Bibliography of Mesozoic Crinoidea (up to 2020)
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C21&q=%2Bfossil+%2Bmesozoic+%2BCrinoid+OR+%2BCrinoidea+&btnG=

8,1680 results

Bibliography of Paleozoic Crinoidea (2019)
Google Scholar search string: +paleozoic +crinoids OR +crinoidea only published 2019-2019 500 results (results decayed after 20 pages)

See also: User:Paracrinozoa/Bibliography_of_Permian_Crinoidea

New specimens and taxa


 * 1) Acanthocrinus carsli Ausich & Zamora, 2019, fig 3.4. Devonian, early Emsian, Mariposas Formation, Iberian Chains, NE Spain.
 * 2) Becsciecrinus groulxi Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, figs. 6, 7.1. Cybèle Member, Jupiter Formation (Llandovery, Telychian) at Jupiter-la-Mer, Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada (Locality 7); and from an unknown stratigraphic horizon along the Jupiter River (Locality 28).
 * 3) Bucucrinus isotaloi Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, figs. 5.5, 5.6. Silurian, Llandovery (Aeronian or Telychian), from strata along the Jupiter River; Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada.
 * 4) Camerata indet. Ausich & Zamora, 2019, fig. 3.1-3.3. Devonian, early Emsian, Mariposas Formation, Iberian Chains, NE Spain. Similar to Macaracrinus? sp. (Breimer, 1962) (Diplobathrida).
 * 5) Culicocrinus breimeri Ausich & Zamora, 2019, fig. 5. Devonian, early Emsian, Mariposas Formation, Iberian Chains, NE Spain.
 * 6) Euclidida indet. Ausich & Zamora, 2019, fig. 3.7, 4.2-4.3. Devonian, early Emsian, Mariposas Formation, Iberian Chains, NE Spain. Similar to Bactrocrinites robustus Pidal, 2008 and Costalocrinus ibericus Kammer, 2001 (figured in Breimer, 1962, pl. 15, figs. 9, 10).
 * 7) Heloambocolumnus harperi Donovan & Doyle, 2019. Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), Clare Shale Formation (Bashkirian stage) at Fisherstreet Bay, Doolin, County Clare, western Ireland.
 * 8) Jovacrinus clarki Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, fig. 9.4. Pavillon Member of the Jupiter Formation (Telychian) at the mouth of the Martin River, Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada (Locality 14).
 * 9) Lateranicrinus saintlaurenti Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, figs. 7.1, 11.1, 11.2. "Data accompanying this specimen only indicates Silurian Brick River (Locality 32). It is interpreted most likely to be from the Jupiter Formation (Llandovery, Telychian) Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada."
 * 10) Macrostylocrinus bornholmensis Laursen, 1940. Donovan & Berg-Madsen, 2019, fig. 1-3. Silurian, Llandovery (Telychian), Silurian Cyrtographus shales, Isle of Bornholm, Denmark.
 * 11) Platycephalocrinus jaanussoni Cole & Toom, 2019.
 * 12) Platyhexacrinus santacruzensis Ausich & Zamora, 2019, fig. 3.5, 3.6, 4.1. Devonian, early Emsian, Mariposas Formation, Iberian Chains, NE Spain.
 * 13) Plicodendrocrinus martini Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, fig. 13.7, 13.8. "Top of falls along Ruisseau Blanc, from the Vauréal Formation and interpreted to be from the Easton Member (Katian) (Locality 10), Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada."
 * 14) Plicodendrocrinus petryki Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, fig. 13.6. "The single specimen is known only from the Silurian along the Jupiter River (Supplemental Appendix, Locality 30), Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada."
 * 15) Sakucrinus krossi Cole & Toom, 2019.
 * 16) Thalamocrinus daoustae Ausich & Cournoyer, 2019, figs. 13.1, 13.2. "The only data accompanying this specimen are Silurian, along the Jupiter River, Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada, which verifies a Llandovery age (either Aeronian or Telychian) (Locality 29)."

References


 * 1) Ausich, W. I., & Cournoyer, M. E. (2019). New taxa and revised stratigraphic distribution of the crinoid fauna from Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada (Late Ordovician-early Silurian). Journal of Paleontology, 93(6), 1137-1158. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.36
 * 2) Ausich, W. I., Mao, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Fusion or hypertrophy? The unusual arms of the Petalocrinidae (Ordovician-Devonian: Crinoidea). Journal of Paleontology, 93(5), 966-970. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.25
 * 3) Ausich, W. I., & Zamora, S. (2019). Stratigraphic and paleogeographic distributions of Devonian crinoids from Spain with description of new taxa from the Iberian Chains. Journal of Paleontology, 93(6), 1159-1174. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.29
 * 4) Cole, S. R. (2019). Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny. Paleobiology, first view. https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2019.37 [Article not yet fully published]
 * 5) Cole, S. R., & Toom, U. (2019). New camerate crinoid genera from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Estonia: Evolutionary origin of family Opsiocrinidae and a phylogenetic assessment of Monobathrida. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17(7), 597-611. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1447519
 * 6) Cole, S. R., Wright, D. F., & Ausich, W. I. (2019). Phylogenetic community paleoecology of one of the earliest complex crinoid faunas (Brechin Lagerstätte, Ordovician). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 521, 82-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.006
 * 7) Donovan, S. K., & Berg-Madsen, V. (2019). Macrostylocrinus bornholmensis Laursen, 1940, a forgotten Silurian crinoid from Denmark. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 130(1), 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.04.003
 * 8) Donovan, S. K., & de Winter, A. J. (2019). Notes on Mississippian echinoderms from Hurdlow, Derbyshire, central England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 130(5), 582-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.10.001
 * 9) Donovan, S. K., & Doyle, E. N. (2019). Utility of crinoid columnals in paleontology illustrated by a new species: Clare Shale Formation (Carboniferous), Doolin, County Clare, western Ireland. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 130(6), 696-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.02.004
 * 10) Meyer, D. L., & Ausich, W. I. (2019). Ecological and taphonomic fidelity in fossil crinoid accumulations. PALAIOS, 34(11), 575-583. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2019.032
 * 11) Mirantsev, G. V. (2019). Magnofossacrinus, a new genus of cladid crinoids (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Moscovian (Pennsylvanian) of Moscow Region. Paleontological Journal, 53, 488-498. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030119040099
 * 12) Peter, M. E. (2019). Aberrations in the infrabasal circlet of the cladid crinoid genus Cupulocrinus (Echinodermata) and implications for the origin of flexible crinoids. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 522, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.002
 * 13) Schoor, D. I. E., & Donovan, S. K. (2019). Extremes of pit infestation and growth deformity in a crinoid column, Permian of Timor. Ichnos, 26(1), 16-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2017.1380007
 * 14) Smith, H. K. (2019). Scanning electron microscope study of microstructure and regeneration of Upper Pennsylvanian cladid crinoid spines (Unpublished Bachelor's thesis). The University of Akron Honors College. Retrieved from  https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/998/
 * 15) Skolotnev, S., Aleksandrova, G., Isakova, T., Tolmacheva, T., Kurilenko, A., Raevskaya, E., Rozhnov, S., Petrov, E., & Korniychuk, A. (2019). Fossils from seabed bedrocks: Implications for the nature of the acoustic basement of the Mendeleev Rise (Arctic Ocean). Marine Geology, 407, 148-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2018.11.002

Bibliography of subphylum Blastozoa
queries ran: macrocystella (182 results) queries ran: hemicosmites (149 results); articles citing Lanc et al. (2015)


 * Class Cystoidea
 * Superfamily Glyptocystitida Bather, 1899
 * Family Macrocystellidae Bather, 1899 emend. Jaekel, 1918 (acc. Paul, 1968)
 * Genus Macrocystella Callaway, 1877, p. 669, pl. 24, fig. 13
 * = Cystidea Barrande, 1868, p. 106
 * See Paul (1968, p. 582-583) for additional synonymies.
 * Macrocystella mariae Callaway, 1877 (type)
 * Macrocystella azaisi Thoral, 1935
 * Macrocystella bavarica (Barrande) 1868
 * Macrocystella bohemicus Barrande, 1887
 * Macrocystella pachecoi Meléndez, 1944 (possibly Heliocrinites, Paul, 1968, p. 583)
 * ?Macrocystella durandi Aceñolaza, 1999
 * Class Rhombifera Zittel, 1897, emend. Paul, 1968; Rozhnov, Minjin, & Kushlina, 2009, p. 1428
 * Superfamily Caryocystitida Jaekel, 1918
 * Family Caryocrinitidae Bernard, 1895 (In Bockelie, 1979, carynocrinitids are in Hemicosmitida)
 * Caryocrinites Say, 1825
 * C. aurorus Bather, 1906
 * C. avellanus Bather, 1906
 * C. rugatus Forbes (referred to C. Lanc et al., 2015)
 * C. sdzuyi
 * C. turbo Bather, 1906
 * Juglandocrinus von Koenen, 1886
 * J. crassus von Koenen, 1886
 * Oocystis Dreyfus, 1939
 * Paracaryocrinites Chen & Yao, 1993
 * Polycosmites
 * Ptychocosmites Jaekel, 1918
 * Stribalocystites S. A. Miller, 1892
 * Family Echinosphaeritidae Neumayr, 1889
 * Echinosphaerites Wahlenberg, 1818
 * E. mongolicus Rozhnov, Minjin, & Kushlina, 2009, p. 1428, fig. 4a, 4b
 * Superfamily Glyptocystitoidea Bather, 1899 (this section will need fixed to be compatible with the other sections)
 * Family Callocystitidae Bernard, 1895 emend. Paul, 2014b
 * Adocetocystis Koch & Strimple, 1968
 * Anartiocystis Ausich & Schumacher, 1984
 * Apiocystites Forbes, 1848
 * Brockocystis Foerste, 1914
 * Callocystites Hall, 1852
 * Coelocystis Schuchert, 1903
 * Hallicystis Jaekel, 1899
 * Jaekelocystis Schuchert, 1903
 * Lepadocystis Carpenter, 1891
 * Lepocrinites Conrad, 1840
 * Lipsanocystis Ehlers & Leighley, 1922
 * Lovenicystis Regnéll, 1945
 * Maennilocystis Paul & Rozhnov, 2016
 * M.' heckeri Paul & Rozhnov, 2016 (type)
 * ?Lepadocystis clintonensis Parks, 1910 (suggested by Paul & Rozhnov, 2016, p. 266)
 * Novacystis Paul & Bolton, 1991
 * ?Prunocystites Forbes, 1848
 * Pseudocrinites Pearce, 1843
 * Salirocystis Paul, 2014b
 * Sphaerocystites Hall, 1859
 * Staurocystis Haeckel, 1896
 * Strobilocystites White, 1876
 * Tetracystis Schuchert, 1904
 * Troosticystis Paul & Donovan, 2011
 * Family Cheirocrinidae Jaekel, 1899
 * Family Cuniculocystidae Sprinkle & Wahlman, 1994
 * Family Cystoblastidae Jaekel, 1899
 * Family Echinoencrinitidae Bather, 1899 (= Scoliocystidae Jaekel, 1899)
 * Echinoencrinites von Meyer, 1826
 * E. senckenbergii von Meyer, 1826 (type)
 * E. laevigatus
 * E. reticulatus
 * E. striatus
 * Gonocrinites Eichwald, 1840
 * G. angulosus (Pander, 1830) (originally Echinosphaerites angulosis) (type)
 * G. lahuseni (Jaekel, 1899)
 * Scoliocystis Jaekel, 1899
 * S. pumila (Eichwald, 1860) (originally Caryocystites pumilus) (type)
 * S. thersites Jaekel, 1899
 * Family Glyptocystitidae Bather, 1899
 * Family Macrocystellidae Bather, 1899
 * Family Pleurocystitidae Neumayr, 1889
 * Family Rhombiferidae Kesling, 1962
 * Superfamily Hemicosmitida Jaekel, 1918
 * Family Hemicosmitidae Jaekel, 1918
 * Hemicosmites von Buch, 1840
 * H. extraneus Eichwald
 * H. grandis
 * H. malum
 * H. oelandicus Regnell, 1945
 * H. oblongus
 * H. papaveris Bockelie, 1979
 * H. pulcherrimus
 * H. pyriformis von Buch, 1840 (type)
 * H. sculptus Bockelie, 1979
 * H.? sp. A Bockelie, 1979, p. 400, fig. 21, pl. 42, fig. 11
 * H.? sp. B Bockelie, 1979, p. 401, fig. 23
 * H.? sp. C Bockelie, 1979, p. 404, pl. 42, fig. 12
 * H. sphaericus Bockelie, 1979
 * H. variabilis Bockelie, 1979
 * H. verrucosus Eichwald, 1856 (originally Hexalacystis Haeckel, 1896)
 * Tricosmites (lower Silurian, Estonia)
 * Family Heterocystitidae
 * Heterocystites (Silurian, North America) [Maybe crinoid, Paul, 1969]
 * Family Thomacystidae
 * ''Thomacystis (upper Ordovician, Britain)
 * Superfamily Polycosmitida Jaekel, 1918
 * Family Stichocystidae Jaekel, 1918
 * Stichocystis Jaekel, 1899
 * S. altaicus Rozhnov, Minjin, & Kushlina, 2009, p. 1428, fig. 4c, 4d
 * S. geometrica (Angelin)
 * S. unilineata Chauvel & Le Menn, 1979

References


 * 1) Aceñolaza, G. F. (1999). Macrocystella? durandi sp. nov. (Echinodermata, Rhombifera) and new data on the genus Macrocystella in the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds of northern Argentina. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 34(1), 89-101.
 * 2) Bockelie, J. F. (1979). Taxonomy, functional morphology and palaeoecology of the Ordovician cystoid family Hemicosmitidae. Palaeontology, 22(2), 363-406.
 * 3) Bockelie, J. F. (1981). Functional morphology and evolution of the cystoid Echinosphaerites. Lethaia, 14, 189-202.
 * 4) Bockelie, J. F. (1981). The oral area of Echinoencrinites von Meyer 1826. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift, 61, 79-82. Retrieved from https://njg.geologi.no/images/NJG_articles/NGT_61_1_079-082.pdf
 * 5) Bockelie, J. F. (1982). Symmetry and ambulacral pattern of the rhombiferan superfamily Caryocystitida and the relationship to other Blastozoa. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 103(4), 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/11035898209453726
 * 6) Frest, T. J. (2005). Ampheristocystis, a Silurian (Lower Wenlock) eocrinoid (Echinodermata, Blastozoa) from Indiana. Geological Journal, 40, 301-329. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1017
 * 7) Lanc, F. A., McDermott, P. D., & Paul, C. R. C. (2015). The identity of the British Ordovician cystoid 'Hemicosmites rugatus Forbes'. Geological Journal, 50, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2522
 * 8) Paul, C. R. C. (1968). Macrocystella Callaway, the earliest glyptocystitid cystoid. Palaeontology, 11(4), 580-600. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/172969#/summary
 * 9) Paul, C. R. C., & Rozhnov, S. V. (2016). Revision of Scoliocystis (Rhombifera: Echinoencrinitidae) and related cystoid genera. Paleontological Journal, 50(3), 255-275.
 * 10) Regnéll, G. (1946). Echinoderms (Hydrophoridea, Ophiocistia) from the Ordovician (Upper Skiddavian, 3 c ß) of the Oslo Region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 27, 14-57. [Cheirocrinus hyperboreus n. sp., Echinocrinites senckenbergii acutangulus n. subsp., Erinocystis brøggeri n. sp., Hemicosmites? sp., Volchovia norvegica n. sp.]
 * 11) Rozhnov, S. V., Minjin, C., & Kushlina, V. B. (2009). Discovery of Rhombifera (Echinoderms) in the Ordovician of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 43(11), 1425-1431. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030109110070

Bibliography of subphylum Paracrinozoa
Style of this bibliography

Paracrinozoa was named as a new subphylum for paracrinoids by Parsley & Mintz (1975), but as noted by Broadhead & Lawrence (1982), it was not widely accepted.

Frest (2005): "With regard to paracrinoid-eocrinoid affinities, Paul (1979, pp. 430-432) and Broadhead (1982, p. 141) argued that the former group neither has strong crinozoan affinities (contra Sprinkle 1973, 1980a) nor deserves separate ranking as an independent subphylum (Paracrinozoa of Parlsey & Mintz 1975; Parsley 1980). The only fundamental feature differentiating them from the Blastozoa is the subvective system, but as maintained above (see also Table 1 herein), infusions of new taxa into both the Eocrinoidea and Paracrinoidea since the publication of the Treatise volume on these classes have all but obliterated the distinction." (p. 308) See his comments on other fossil echinoderm classes (p. 308-309).

Here, for now, it is used to try to distinguish paracrinoids from all other crinozoans. It is problematic to try to craft a comprehensive bibliography of paracrinoids, as other taxa, such as certain eocrinoids are thought to either be basal paracrinoids or belong to paracrinoid families. This is made worse as the only phylogenetic analysis of paracrinoids (reported but not published in Limbeck, 2018; Limbeck et al., 2018; Limbeck & Sumrall, 2019, p. 52) suggests none of the proposed orders or families of paracrinoids may be monophyletic. Until that work is published, however, we choose to continue to use the existing classification.


 * Subphylum Paracrinozoa
 * Class Paracrinoidea
 * ?Allocystites (likely Canadocystitinae, Frest et al., 1979, p. 386, contra Ubaghs, 1967)
 * ?Columbocystites (likely Canadocystitinae, Frest et al., 1979, p. 386, contra Ubaghs, 1967)
 * ?Foerstecystis (likely Canadocystitinae, Frest et al., 1979, p. 386, contra Ubaghs, 1967)
 * ?Heckerocrinus (= Bockia) (likely Canadocystitinae, Frest et al., 1979, p. 386 contra Sprinkle, 1973)
 * Order Platycystitida Parsley & Mintz, 1975
 * Family Platycystitidae Parsley & Mintz, 1975
 * Subfamily Canadocystitinae Frest, Strimple, & Coney, 1979, p. 386
 * Canadocystis Jaekel, 1900
 * Subfamily Platycystitinae Frest, Strimple, & Coney, 1979, p. 387
 * Globulocystites Frest, Strimple, & Coney, 1979, p. 390
 * Globulocystites cristatus (Bassler)
 * Globulocystites infundus (Frest, Strimple, & McGinnis, 1977, p. 215)
 * Globulocystites rotundatus Frest, Strimple, & Coney, 1979, p. 395 (type)
 * Platycystites Miller, 1889
 * Platycystites faberi Miller, 1899 (type)
 * Platycystites ovalis Frest, Strimple, & Coney, 1979, p. 390
 * Platycystites sp. Frest, Strimple, & Coney, 1979, p. 390

References:


 * 1) Bassler, R. S. (1950). New genera of American Middle Ordovician "Cystoidea". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 40(9), 273-277. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24531624
 * 2) Frest, T. J., & Strimple, H. L. (1982). A new comarocystitid (Echinodermata: Paracrinoidea) from the Kimmswick Limestone (Middle Ordovician), Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 56(2), 358-370. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304462
 * 3) Frest, T. J., Strimple, H. L., & Coney, C. C. (1979). Paracrinoids (Platycystitidae) from the Benbolt Formation (Blackriverian) of Virginia. Journal of Paleontology, 53(2), 380-398. http://www.jstor.com/stable/1303879
 * 4) Frest, T. J., Strimple, H. L., & Witzke, B. J. (1980). New Comarocystitida (Echinodermata: Paracrinoidea) from the Silurian of Iowa and Ordovician of Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 54(1), 217-228. http://www.jstor.com/stable/1304177
 * 5) Limbeck, M. R. (2018). Fossil focus: Paracrinoids. Palaeontology Online, 8(9), 1-7. http://archive.vn/3FKNG [This journal's masthead says PALAEONTOLOGY[ONLINE], yet their recommended citation uses Palaeontology Online.]
 * 6) Limbeck, M. R., & Sumrall, C. D. (2019, September 16-19). Utilizing combined morphologic disparity and phylogenetics to elucidate species relationships in Paracrinoidea [Conference presentation abstract]. 10th European Conference on Echinoderms, Moscow, Russia. https://10ece2019.com/docs/Abstracts-10ECE.pdf [This is on p. 52, but APA says don't put page numbers]
 * 7) Limbeck, M. R., Sumrall, C. D., & Deline, B. (2018). Phylogenetic and morphologic analyses elucidate relationships in Paracrinoidea (Echinodermata). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 50(3), 24-5. https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018SE-312231 Retrieved from http://archive.vn/eqRr4
 * 8) Parsley, R. L. (1978). Thecal morphology of the Ordovician paracrinoid Comarocystites (Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology, 52(2), 472-479. http://www.jstor.com/stable/1303717
 * 9) Parsley, R. L., & Mintz, L. W. (1975). North American Paracrinoidea: Ordovician Echinodermata. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 68, 1-116. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40526#page/4/mode/1up
 * 10) Paul, C. R. C. (1965). On the occurrence of Comarocystites or Sinclairocystis (Paracrinoidea: Comarocystitidae) in the Starfish Bed, Threave Glen, Girvan. Geological Magazine, 102(6), 474-477. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800000170
 * 11) Rozhnov, S. V. (2017). Ordovician paracrinoids from the Baltic: Key problems of comparative morphology of pelmatozoan echinoderms. Paleontological Journal, 51(6), 643-662.