User:Parisa Prasertlum/sandbox

Rubber policeman is a laboratory tool that purposes for scraping, detaching, string and separating solid components from liquid. It comes in various sizes and types. This equipment effectively work well under gentle, delicate and precise requirement. The origin of rubber policeman and its name can not be identified for sure but some clues led back to 19th century from the chemist named Carl Remigius Fresenius.

Origin
In chemistry, gravimetric analysis is essential. After precipitating the chemical element of interest, successfully transfer all of the precipitate to the filtration funnel for separation from the supernatant liquid is required. Normally, it used to be done by using a stream of distilled water from a wash bottle. However, such a way is ineffective because dense precipitates may become compacted at the bottom of the beaker or, in the case of light precipitates, may become dispersed on the walls of the beaker. Therefore, by using glass rod to take them off may result in poking a hole in the bottom of the beaker or scratching of the beaker wall. In the 19th-century, German chemist, Carl Remigius Fresenius suggest the solution to overcome this problem, "...a feather prepared for the purpose by tearing off nearly the whole of the plumules, leaving only a small piece at the end which should be cut perfectly straight." The rubber policeman also recorded in 1910 edition of J. C. Olsen’s textbook of quantitative analysis: "... particles adhering to the glass must be removed by means of a so-called policeman, which is made by inserting the end of a rather thick large-sized glass stirring-rod into a short piece of rubber tubing. The rubber tube should be left protruding slightly beyond the end of the glass tube and sealed together with a little bicycle [i.e. rubber] cement." However, it seemed that Olsen have nothing to do with the production and sales of this invented. Instead, Oesper Collections catalog indicated that rubber policemen sold by the Henry Heil Company of St. Louis as early as 1904. Unfortunately, no one can answer where the name "rubber policeman" is came from. Nevertheless, there are two assumption: The second speculation is the most likely one since in the 1937 edition of Hackh’s Chemical Dictionary “platinum policeman,” defined as “a platinum-iridium claw that fits over a glass rod and is used to hold a quantitative filter during ignition,” which the purpose of the policeman was to prevent the escape of stray filter paper from the crucible during the ignition process that causes from thermal updrafts from the burner. Therefore, for rubber policeman, it likely means to prevent the escape of stray precipitate.
 * It likes police that protected the beaker from scratching.
 * It likes the police that gathering up any stray or escaped particles of precipitate on the beaker wall.

Structure
A rubber policeman is generally a flexible natural-rubber attached to a 5mm and 6mm diameter of 15 cm long glass rod. However, it also comes in various size and shapes depend on it uses. This rubber also provides a chemical resistant. In some of the design, there is no need for glass rod, instead the whole piece makes of plastic or rubber and at the end it has either spatula or scarper shape.



Uses
Rubber policeman can be used for cleaning the inside of glassware, or for getting the last bit of precipitate out of a vessel. Especially in chemical laboratories it often use to transfer residues of precipitate or solid on glass surfaces when performing gravimetric analysis. It also used in biological laboratories, to transfer tissue culture cells from a plate to a suspension. Their feature is to prevent the glass rod from scratching or breaking glassware.

Applications
These are some example of the experiment that use rubber policeman.

Gravimetric Analysis of a Soluble Chloride
The experiment intends to introduce the student to the technique called Gravimetric Analysis by using the Chloride as an example. This technique helps determine amount of an analyte by the measurement of mass. The rubber policeman uses here to scrape down any of the precipitate that has dried on the sides of the beaker or the glass stirring rod, so that 100% of the precipitate will be used for the Gravimetric Analysis.

Isolation of Cesein from milk
The rubber policeman can be used for stirring the mixture in the fragile containers and for draining the solid substance. As in the experimant called Isolation of Cesein from milk which has the objective to isolate chemical substances found in milk. Rubber policeman uses to stir the mixture of milk and acetic acid. Then it uses for push the casein up on to the side of the beaker so that most liquid drains from the solid.

Cell lysates preparation
In the cell lysates preparation it requires very gentle procedure for prepare them after transfection of cells growing in well plates. The rubber policeman which is soft and flexible, uses for scrape or detach the those cells for transferring or observe.