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The House on Mango Street is made up of vignettes that are not quite poems and not quite full stories. According to Philadelphia inquirer, “[The House on Mango Street] is a coming of age tale of Esperanza, a young, poor Latina girl growing up in the gritty bowls of Chicago.”  General Onefile called it,“Thoughtful story of a young chicana growing up in inner-city Chicago.” Esperanza narrates these vignettes in first-person present tense, focusing on her day-to-day activities but sometimes narrating sections that are a series of observations. The vignettes can be as short as two or three paragraphs long and sometimes contain internal rhymes. In The Family of Little Feet for example, Esperanza says:

"Their arms were little, and their hands were little, and their height was not tall, and their feet very small Each vignette can stand as an independent story. The vignettes don't follow a complete or chronological narrative, although they often mention characters introduced in earlier sections. U-wire stated, “Everything from proposition to child molestation is discussed through Esperanza and her motley gang of friends.” The conflicts and problems in these short stories are never fully resolved, just as the futures of people in the neighborhood are often uncertain. The overall tone is earnest and intimate, with very little distance between the reader and the narrator. The tone varies from pessimistic to hopeful, as Esperanza herself sometimes expresses her jaded views on life:

"I knew then I had to have a house. A real house. One I could point to. But this isn't it. The house on Mango Street isn't it. For the time being, Mama says. Temporary, says Papa. But I know how those things go."

The set of vignettes charts her life as Esperanza Cordero grows during the year, both physically and emotionally. Steinberg complimented, “She begins with the self conscious yet spontaneous effusions of young girls.” Though Esperanza's age is never revealed to the reader, it is implied that she is about thirteen. She begins to write as a way of expressing herself and as a way to escape the suffocating effect of the neighborhood. Esperanza wants to go to high school but she does not have the money for it, so she gets a job to pay for tuition. The novella also includes the stories of many of Esperanza’s neighbors, giving a full picture of the neighborhood and showing the many influences surrounding her. Ghezzi said,“It describes life as seen through her eyes, it shows her desire to escape the burden of poverty and patriarchy that she sees weighing so heavily on the Latino females in her neighborhood.” People outside the area are afraid of going into Esperanza's neighborhood. Esperanza quickly befriends Lucy and Rachel Guerrero, two Texan girls who live across the street. Lucy, Rachel, Esperanza, and Esperanza’s little sister, Nenny, have many adventures in the small space of their neighborhood.

Esperanza later slips into puberty and begins to like it when boys watch her dance. Esperanza's newfound views lead her to become friends with Sally, a girl her age who wears clothes like black nylon stockings, makeup, high heels, and short skirts, and uses boys as an escape from her abusive father. Esperanza is not completely comfortable with Sally’s sexuality. Their friendship is compromised when Sally ditches Esperanza for a boy at a carnival. As a result Esperanza is sexually assaulted by a group of men at the carnival. Earlier at her first job, an elderly man tricked her into kissing him on the lips. Esperanza’s traumatic experiences and observations of the women in her neighborhood cement her desire to escape Mango Street. She later realizes that she will never fully be able to leave Mango Street behind. She vows that after she leaves she will return to help the people she has left behind.