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=Meteorite Classification=

Terminology
There is no single, standardized terminology used in meteorite classification; however, commonly used terms for categories include types, classes, clans, groups, and subgroups. Some researchers hierarchize these terms, but there is no consensus as to which hierarchy is most appropriate. Meteorites that do not fit any known group (though they may fit somewhere within a higher level of classification) are ungrouped.

Classification schemes
Meteorites are often divided into three overall categories based on whether they are dominantly composed of rocky material (stony meteorites), metallic material (iron meteorites), or mixtures (stony–iron meteorites).

These categories have been in use since at least the early 19th century but do not have much genetic significance; they are simply a traditional and convenient way of grouping specimens.

In fact, the term "stony iron" is a misnomer as currently used. One group of chondrites (CB) has over 50% metal by volume and contains meteorites that were called stony irons until their affinities with chondrites were recognized. Some iron meteorites also contain many silicate inclusions but are rarely described as stony irons.

Nevertheless, these three categories sit at the top of the most widely used meteorite classification system. Stony meteorites are then traditionally divided into two other categories: chondrites (groups of meteorites that have undergone little change since their parent bodies originally formed and are characterized by the presence of chondrules), and achondrites (groups of meteorites that have a complex origin involving asteroidal or planetary differentiation).

The iron meteorites were traditionally divided into objects with similar internal structures (octahedrites, hexahedrites, and ataxites), but these terms are now used for purely descriptive purposes and have given way to modern chemical groups.

Stony–iron meteorites have always been divided into pallasites (which are now known to comprise several distinct groups) and mesosiderites (a textural term that is also synonymous with the name of a modern group).

Below is a representation of how the meteorite groups fit into the more traditional classification hierarchy:{ }


 * Chondrites
 * Carbonaceous chondrite class
 * CI chondrites (Ivuna-like) group
 * CM-CO chondrite (mini-chondrule) clan
 * CM chondrite (Mighei-like) group
 * CO chondrite (Ornans-like) group
 * CV-CK chondrite clan
 * CV chondrite (Vigarano-like) group
 * CV-oxA chondrite (oxidized, Allende-like) subgroup
 * CV-oxB chondrite (oxidized, Bali-like) subgroup
 * CV-red chondrite (reduced) subgroup
 * CK chondrite (Karoonda-like) group
 * CR chondrite clan
 * CR chondrite (Renazzo-like) group
 * CH chondrite (Allan Hills 85085-like) group
 * CB chondrite (Bencubbin-like) group
 * CBa chondrite subgroup
 * CBb chondrite subgroup
 * Ordinary chondrite class
 * H chondrite group
 * L chondrite group
 * LL chondrite group
 * Enstatite chondrite class
 * EH chondrite group
 * EL chondrite group
 * Other chondrite groups, not in one of the major classes
 * R chondrite (Rumuruti-like) group
 * K chondrite (Kakangari-like) grouplet (a grouplet is a provisional group with <5 members)
 * Achondrites
 * Primitive achondrites
 * Acapulcoite group
 * Lodranite group
 * Winonaite group
 * Asteroidal achondrites
 * HED meteorite clan (possibly from asteroid 4 Vesta, also called basaltic achondrites)
 * Howardite group
 * Eucrite group
 * Diogenite group
 * Angrite group
 * Aubrite group (enstatite achondrites)
 * Ureilite group
 * Brachinite group
 * Lunar meteorite group
 * Martian meteorite group (sometimes called "SNC meteorites")
 * Shergottites
 * Nakhlites
 * Chassignites
 * Other Martian meteorites, e.g., ALH84001


 * Pallasites
 * Main group pallasites
 * Eagle station pallasite grouplet
 * Pyroxene pallasite grouplet
 * Mesosiderite group


 * Magmatic iron meteorite groups
 * IC iron meteorite group
 * IIAB iron meteorite group
 * IIC iron meteorite group
 * IID iron meteorite group
 * IIF iron meteorite group
 * IIG iron meteorite group
 * IIIAB iron meteorite group
 * IIIE iron meteorite group
 * IIIF iron meteorite group
 * IVA iron meteorite group
 * IVB iron meteorite group
 * "Non-magmatic" or primitive iron meteorite groups
 * IAB iron meteorite "complex" or clan (formerly groups IAB and IIICD)
 * IAB main group
 * Udei Station grouplet
 * Pitts grouplet
 * sLL (low Au, Low Ni) subgroup
 * sLM (low Au, Medium Ni) subgroup
 * sLH (low Au, high Ni) subgroup
 * sHL (high Au, Low Ni) subgroup
 * sHH (high Au, high Ni) subgroup
 * IIE iron meteorite group

Rubin classification
A. E. Rubin (2000) classification scheme:

Other schemes
Two alternative general classification schemes were recently published, illustrating the lack of consensus on how to classify meteorites beyond the level of groups.

In the Krot et al. scheme (2003) the following hierarchy is used:


 * Chondrites
 * Nonchondrites
 * Primitive
 * Differentiated
 * Achondrites
 * Stony irons
 * Irons



In 2006, Michael K. Weisberg, Timothy J. McCoy, and Alexander N. Krot arranged meteorites as chondrites, achondrites, and primitive achondrites. In this scheme, groups of irons and stony–irons are re-categorized as either achondrites or primitive achondrites.

History
Modern meteorite classification was worked out in the 1860s, based on Gustav Rose's and Nevil Story Maskelyne's classifications. Gustav Rose worked on the meteorite collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin and Maskelyne on the collection of the British Museum, London. Rose was the first to make different categories for meteorites with chondrules (chondrites) and without (nonchondrites). Story-Maskelyne differentiated between siderites, siderolites and aerolites (now called iron meteorites, stony-iron meteorites and stony meteorite, respectively).

In 1872 Gustav Tschermak published his first meteorite classification based on Gustav Rose's catalog from 1864:

In 1883 Tschermak modified Rose's classification again.

Further modifications were made by Aristides Brezina.

The first chemical classification was published by Oliver C. Farrington, 1907.

George Thurland Prior further improved the classification based on mineralogical and chemical data, introducing the terms mesosiderite, lodranite and enstatite chondrite. In 1923 he published a catalogue of the meteorites in the Natural History Museum (London). He describes his classification as based on Gustav Tschermak and Aristides Brezina with modifications by himself. His main subdivisions were: He subdivides the "Meteoric Stones" into those that have chondrules (Chondritic Meteoric Stones or Chondrites) and those that don't (Non-chondritic Meteoric Stones or Achondrites). The iron meteorites are subdivided according to their structures as ataxites, hexahedrites and octahedrites. A complete overview of his classification is given in the box below:
 * 1) Meteoric Irons or Siderites
 * 2) Meteoric Stony-irons or Siderolites
 * 3) Meteoric Stones or Aerolites.

Brian Harold Mason published a further revision in the 1960s.

=Los Alamos=

History
Evidence of human activity in the area that is now known as Los Alamos dates to as early as the 10th century CE.

Los Alamos is built on the Pajarito Plateau between White Rock Canyon and the Valles Caldera. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be Keres speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, Tewa settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by Navajo and Apache raids and by drought. Both the Keres and Tewa towns can be seen today in the ruins of Bandelier National Monument and Tsankawi.

EARLIEST KNOWN SETTLERS/THEORIES 1200 to 1500 AD Los Alamos is built on the Pajarito Plateau between White Rock Canyon and the Valles Caldera. The first settlers on the plateau are thought to be Keres speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, Tewa settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by Navajo and Apache raids and by drought. Both the Keres and Tewa towns can be seen today in the ruins of Bandelier National Monument and Tsankawi.

1500 to 1900 AD SPANISH EXPLORATION/ PUEBLO REVOLT LAND GRANTS RAILROAD EARLY INDUSTRY HOMESTEADING

The land of the plateau was then divided up for homesteading. Most residents of the plateau built simple log cabins that they only lived in during warm weather to feed livestock, with the homesteaders moving down to the warmer Rio Grande Valley.

1918-1943 AD

Homesteader Harold H. Brook sold part of his land and buildings to Detroit businessman Ashley Pond II in 1917 which began the Los Alamos Ranch School, named after the aspen trees that blossomed in the spring.

WWII MANHATTAN PROJECT In 1942, during World War II, the Department of War began looking for a remote location for the Manhattan Project. The school was closed when the government used its power of eminent domain to take over the Ranch School and all the remaining homestead that same year. The Ranch School was paid $225 per acre; the homesteaders were paid between $7 and $15 per acre. All information about the town was highly classified until the bombing of Hiroshima.

All incoming truckloads were labeled as common items to conceal the true nature of their contents, and any outbound correspondence by those working and living in Los Alamos was censored by military officials. At the time, it was referred to as "The Hill" by many in Santa Fe, and as "Site Y" by military personnel. The mailing address for all of Los Alamos was PO Box 1663, Santa Fe, NM. After the Manhattan Project was completed, White Rock was abandoned until 1963 when people began to re-inhabit and rebuild new homes and buildings.

Los Alamos National Laboratory was established as a research government facility under the Department of Energy.

COUNTYIFICATION/ PERMANENCE

CITY OPENS 1957

On November 10, 2015, the National Park Service and the U.S. Department of Energy announced the establishment of Manhattan Project National Historical Park in Los Alamos, along with units in Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

List of highest cities in the United States
This list of the highest cities in the United States includes only cities with a population greater than 2,000 inhabitants and an average height above sea level over 6700 ft. For other settlements, see List of highest cities in the world or List of highest towns by country.

Environmental remediation
Over two thousand sites in the area have been determined to have been impacted as a result of past activities at LANL. The location of these sites have been identified throughout the county, and are primarily (but not exclusively) on DOE property. Contaminated sites vary widely in significance. Corrective action and environmental restoration has been deemed necessary for certain areas; LANL takes part in this process.

Watershed: https://cfpub.epa.gov/surf/county.cfm?fips_code=35028

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INY7eBQL8fI&feature=share

Taxes
The net taxable value of property is one-third of the assessed value of the property minus exemptions.

New Lead
States]] that is recognized as the birthplace of the first atomic bomb––the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory, during World War II. The town is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau, and has a population of 12,019. It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places (CDPs); the other is White Rock.

Wildfire Table
Wildfires have affected the county, but the most destructive to the townsite was the Cerro Grande Fire of May 2000, which caused an estimated $1 billion in damages and destroyed more than 400 homes. The town was evacuated for eight days. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) built temporary housing on North Mesa for those who were displaced by the fire. Other effects include damage to LANL facilities (nuclear material was not affected), flash-flooding, and erosion.

Wildfires have altered plant communities in the area. Plant species are migrating to cover burn areas.

Wildlife and Vegetation
Los Alamos' geographical location causes its wildlife and vegetation to be diverse compared to surrounding areas in the state. "The variation in elevation creates precipitation and temperature gradients that support a wide diversity of plant communities..." There are six different plant communities within the county; each is home to unique flora and fauna. Ponderosa pine trees are the most common trees at the elevation of Los Alamos (7000 and 8000 ft). Common shrubs in the area include sagebrush, Gambrel's oak, and wild rose.

Black bears (brown-color variation), elks, bobcats, and gray foxes are examples of mammals living in the area. "Over 200 species of birds have been reported" in the Pajarito Ornithological Survey conducted by LANL. Among these are broad-tailed hummingbirds, hairy woodpeckers, zone-tailed hawks, common ravens, western bluebirds, and great horned owls.

Demographics Work
The current population is 12,019 with a population density of 1078.7 PD/sqmi. The median age is 40 years. 24.8% of the people are under the age of 18, 4.8% are ages 18 to 24, 29.2% are ages 25 to 44, 28.2% are ages 45 to 64, and 12.9% are ages 65 years or older. For every 100 females there were 101.3 males.

Race
Los Alamos is demographically unique compared to its surrounding counties and the state as a whole. Over 35% of the population of surrounding counties (Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, and Sandoval) and the state of New Mexico are Hispanic or Latino, while only about 15% of Los Alamosans are Hispanic or Latino. The white and especially the Asian populations of Los Alamos are significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico.

Income and Poverty
The median household income in Los Alamos is $98,458, and per capita income is $54,067. Income is significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico. The poverty rate is low. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Families and Housing
There are 5,249 households and an average household size of 2.23 people. There are 5,863 housing units, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units is $281,500. Median gross rent is $921.

31.4% of households have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 29.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.

Alabama

 * Andalusia Health, Andalusia Alabama