User:Pce153/Conosa

Lead
Conosa is a grouping of Amoebozoa. It is subdivided into three groups &#x2013; Archamoebae (monophyletic), Variosea (paraphyletic) and Mycetozoa (polyphyletic).

In some classifications, the mycetozoan Myxogastria and Dictyostelia are united in Macromycetozoa.

Conosa includes the species Dictyostelium discoideum and Entamoeba histolytica, among others.

Conosa are morphologically defined by a conical microtubular structure, and have been found to be monophyletic.

Characteristics
The Conosa group was first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998 as a subphylum of Amoebozoa. Cavalier-Smith originally separated this group into 2 infraphyla: Archamoebae and Mycetozoa. This clade is morphologically defined by their complex microtubular skeleton that forms a partial or complete cone. They have a monolayer of microtubules that surround at least some of the anterior end of the cell and diverge into a cone shape towards the nucleus at the posterior end. This cone of microtubles usually starts at a single centriole and extends towards the nucleus. They also have a lateral microtubular ribbon towards the cell surface. They can exist as aggregate aerobes with mitochondria and also as solitary anaerobes with no mitochondria or peroxisomes. There are mitochondriate and amitochondriate members, as well as free living and parasitic representatives.

Conosa are separated from Lobosa, the other Amoebozoa subphylum, by morphological characteristics and genomic differences. Conosa have both amoeboid and flagellate forms or stages and more pointed pseudopodia with branches. In contrast, Lobosa are entirely amoeboid with broad pseudopodia. Conosa's flagella are artifacts of their ancestral conditions and are seen in trophic and swarm cell phases. Flagellate Conosa have a cone-shaped microtubular skeleton, and non-ciliate forms contain extensive microtubes in the cytoplasm, both of which are not seen in Lobosa.

Phylogeny
While morphological characteristics like pseudopodia and body shape, flagella, and cytoplasm properties have not been regarded as convincing taxonomic suggestions, emerging sequencing data is being used to support Conosa’s monophyly. A study using several hundred phylogenetic markers of 30 species found Conosa to be monophyletic as representatives of Mycetozoa, Entamoebidae, and Pelobionta grouped together using several amino acid sequencing analysis methods. The monophyly of Conosa and the Archamoebea infraphyla was also supported by cDNA sequencing of 17 Amoebozoans.

The last common ancestor of Conosa was likely an aerobic protist with anterior and recurrent flagellum. It likely had mitochondria, while mitochondrial reduction has resulted in both mitochondriate and amitochondriate members today. The ancestral biflagellate condition is seen in some extant Conosa forms. The conical microtubular skeleton convergently evolved in Archamoebae and Variosea, but not in Mycetozoa.