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Alain Raymond Paul le MEHAUTE Centre for Advanced Engineering and Complex Systems Kazan Federal University

Disciple of Benoit Mandelbrot, who was his mentor since 1974, Director of ISMANS from 1996 to 2010, the rigor of its scientific work and its management strategy, insures Alain Le Méhauté in his dual commitment for technical innovation and in transdisciplinarity and complex sciences. He succeeded within these scientific gaps by adapting -in parallel with Alain Oustaloup in-servocontrol-, the use of fractal geometries and of fractional integro-differential operator to the optimization of energy storage, and the design of new materials. After the co-invention of Lithium Batteries (1977) and of the Rapide Prototyping (1984) he has also invented vibration damping devices (Radar Absorbent 1990 and  1996). Its industrial responsibilities were marked by national and international collaborations where he dominated the management of creativity and of the innovation at the operational level.

Short biography
Birth: Oran Algeria 1947

Currently: Visiting Professor at Kazan Federal University

Centre for Advanced Engineering and Complex Systems

Tradition: Transdisplinarity: sciences and humanities

Main interest: innovation in sciences and techniques

Main idea: the complexity is geometric and must be understand via hyperbolic geometry. The creativity is the expression of the complex time dimensions. Creation of the concept of Sciances

Main production: Les fêches du temps (The arrows of time).

Mentors: Benoit Mandelbrot ( Maths) and Jean Rouxel (Chemistry)

Personal References: Basarad Nicolescu, Stephane Lupasco, Gilles Deleuze.

Introduction
Alain Le Méhauté (born November 22, 1947 in Oran, Algeria) is graduated as Chemical Engineer from the Ecole de Chimie Industrielle de Lyon (now CPE). Doctor of State with a thesis in solid state chemistry, it is also an expert in mathematical physics, specialist in dynamics and thermodynamics within fractal geometries. Doctor Honoris Causa of the Federal University of Kazan he follows in this position the French Professor Anatole Abragam. He is also visiting Professor at the University of Quebec in Outaouais and at the Université de Sherbrooke. He was ISMANS Director from 1996 to 2010 in which he multiplies by 10 the number of students during his commitment and strengthen fundamental and applied research. With the Doctor. Serge Raynal, it organized the dual training of 500 French Engineers (i) coupling scientific and technical skills with (ii) humanities and management. This action was done in partnership with the University of Quebec. He currently chairs the Institute Franco Quebecois Paris. He is also committed as Scientific Advisor for the CEO of Materials Design Inc, the Dr. E. Wimmer.

First experiences in innovation
Alain Le Méhauté started his career at the Laboratoire de Marcoussis which was at that time the corporate Laboratories of the CGE (Compagnie Générale d'Electricité). This company took the name Alcatel Alsthom in 1991. Very early were conducted, within his laboratory the industrial developments of lithium / ion batteries in collaboration with academics Armand Michel (CNRS)-the first designer of the battery - and the Professor Raymond Brec from Solid State Chemistry Lab. at the University of Nantes (1977). This academic laboratories became in the late nineties the Pr.Jean Rouxel Institute, who was his second mentor. The Laboratories of Marcoussis contributed also in 1984 to the invention of the rapid prototyping with among other the co-inventor Olivier de Witt who worked in Company of Lasers (CILAS) and Jean Claude André (CNRS). Acting initially by stereo photo lithography the first patents (1984) which disclosed the invention are cancelled in 1986 by the management team arguing  that such invention did not offer any commercial interest for instance as opposed to laser granulometry! Under the pretext to save money, the invention that will generate billions of Euros of incomes was abandoned. This decision illustrates 10 years in advance, the crisis of the intelligence pointed out by Michel Crozier in one of his major book. Many similar decisions will follow the financial orientation of french industry leading to its irreversible decline. The invention of rapid prototyping is usually attributed, even in France, to the U.S. team competing with CGE / CNRS group. Chuck Hull (1986) as president of 3D systems is the real creator of the industrial technology of the rapid prototyping. He has created his society with much fewer resources than the ones available to the CGE at that time and he stays for academic lectures on innovation deliver by A. le Méhauté one of his major modern reference. The knowing of the history of the lithium-ion battery and of the rapid prototyping, makes of such emblematic adventures a relevant basis to understand how the capability of innovation in an enterprise may be cancelled by the managers characterized by short term 'Cartesian' point of view. In line with the advice of Michel Crozier these experiences and many others gave birth to the development of the teaching strategy of ISMANS engineering school between 1994 and 2010 (combination of wealth and knowledge creations and association of the science and of the humanities).

Creativity and conceptual breakthrough
In a different issue, the works done by Alain le Méhauté on the irreversible dynamics in fractal geometries has gained momentum in 1978 with a first internal report at Marcoussis Laboratories pointing the link between the fractal geometry, the non integer differential equations and the dissipation of entropy in batteries not related to chance but to geometry. The result of these correlations associated to the creation of the first lithium / ion batteries led the defence of a State Doctorate in 1979 in the field of Solid State Chemistry. The jury was chaired by Professor Jean Rouxel, and D. Murphy representing of the Bell Labs (at this time Laboratory of Bell Telephone. This laboratory is now the Alcatel-Lucent Labs). This jury did not anticipate the agreements signed 30years later between Alcatel and Lucent... when the financial strategies would be applied in all their amplitudes. His transdisciplinary subsequent work from the date of the thesis was then divided into two parts:

Creativity for industry
Work on materials and their applications for industry in the field of electrical engineering: Batteries (Saft) Cables (Cables de Lyon which became Nexans) Radar Absorbents (Alcatel) Energy Generators (Alstom) with insertion compounds, conductive polymers, dielectric properties for nonlinear ferromagnetic materials and organic high temperature superconductors, sorbents with high dielectric strength etc. It is within this framework, with Christian Joachim, that A. le Méhauté wrote a part of the synthesis report on the emerging field of Molecular Electronics (OFTA 1988). In the same time he contributes to the foundation of the International Association on Smart Materials initiated by Brian Cushow of University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. The initial orientations for looking smart passive materials, will lead to shifts full of historical meaning. The option ‘passive materials' was quickly abandoned with the taken of control of the Association by colleagues who advocated active control techniques that had the triple advantage (i) of limiting the search for new materials (therefore to guarantee the success of any proposal with respect to the granting ), (ii) to focus on physics (which multiplies the number of publications), (iii) to promote deductive computation which was very fashionable. These choices that facilitate the rational explanations according to project methods and requires big amount of research funds, presented the additional advantage for these colleagues of establishing good inter interested relationships between bureaucrats (who shall distribute funds for research able to be explained within less than 2 lignes) and scientists lobby ranking their value by the height of grants received. It only remained to leave the Association for looking for new fields of research for innovation.

In continuation of discussions initiated with Brian Cushow, the  (Smart passive damping device) was invented in 1996 in partnership with Marc Capdepuy CEO of the company ARTEC Aerospace. is used for increasing the effectiveness of damping system against vibration and acoustic noise. Developed by ARTEC,  is now widely used in the aeronautical, automotive, space and even common products like shoes. These applications increase the international capability of innovation of this SME now implanted in Canada and in China.

Conceptual breakthrough
The early knowledge of the mathematical work of Benoit Mandelbrot (1974), a master at thinking, led to generalize the Zipf-Mandelbrot law about urban dynamics and energetic of homogeneous territories (1974 and 1977). In a second time Alain Le Méhauté explores the link between the fractal geometries (Mandelbrot 1975) and fractional differential equations (Model Teisi about the optimization of energy storage batteries 1978). This bridge leads to the conceptual focus on (i) the role of the complex component of time in thermodynamics of irreversible processes (1982) (ii) the topological basis of the irreversibility (punctuated torus opened at boundaries) and the singular entropy production when characterised by fractional dynamics, (iii) the link with number theory especially with Riemann hypothesis (2008). All these considerations led to enter in a particular field of Complex Systems Science he called in 2007 Entropologie. In 1990 he published his first book on fractal geometry and applications, book translated into English (unfortunately without rereading) and then with his team in 1997, a second book on the arrows of time. It is also the author of a dozen book chapters on the same theoretical subjects.

Pedagogic breakthrough
In 1996 he was appointed Director of ISMANS, at that time an engineering school created to develop the field of mechanical engineering in a city le Mans well known for the Race of 24 hours. Taking the example of MIT he extends the strategy of the school, with the agreement of his predecessor Gerard Morin, by organizing technical expertise in the entire field of mechanical sciences (Quantum mechanics, Statistical mechanics and Rational mechanics) Le Mans sees the achievement of independent Business Units and Associations assuring the financial support of the Engineering School. With his industrial experience in terms of economic wealth and academic creations (Alcatel - Alstom and CNRS), A. le Méhauté attached the promotion of transdisciplinary methods for upper education in creativity and innovation. This action was done with the strong collaboration of the Associate Professor Serge Raynal, Director of ADES Council well recognized as a specialist in Project Management in France and in Quebec. Technical management experience of Alain Le Méhauté in the ecosystems as little suited for high level education than that of the french Chambers of Commerce in medium size cities, -nevertheless the official main support of the school-, led him to a deeper thinking on the policy of science. He imagined in that way a model for recurrent innovation named DQPl ( 'Double Quality Planning' model of innovation) opposed to the quality planning management. This model is in practice a development of CK (Concept and Knowledge) model for innovation developed by the Ecole des Mines de Paris. It implements its strategic in 2008 with the drafting of the report of research of the Conference des Grandes Ecoles published in the special issue of the Journal of Management Science 235, January-February 2009. In line with promoters of transdisciplinaritry Basarad Nicolescu and Stephane Lupasco he is already empirically and conceptually opposed to the totalitarian tendencies of the analytical-management accounting and / or to gesticulatory management involving the lobby of the media. He experimented and operationally improved the techniques of Fuzzy and Kairos Management. Jointly, on the basis of singular experiences as child living during the War of Algeria and then as adult during his double career, he focuses on the role of pedagogy for containing and redirecting in the direction of common good, the need for recognition, duplicity and even the pervers narcissicism, that affect the Unidimensional Man (Marcusse) created by the financial society where the money is the sole value de reference. Many comments and analysis appeared in his publications.

Contribution in arts
In the field of arts Alain Méhauté has worked with Jean Paul Agosti, mainly aquarellist, but also with Stephanie Reiss, chemical engineer and photographer. This reflection leads the mathematical identification of the concept of aura as defined by Walter Benjamin in his philosophical work on aesthetics. A strong collaboration was also created between 1995 and 2010 with Christian. Morin ( CEO of Co. Cli. Co.) Professor for multi media and computer design within Ouest EPCC on Arts. J.P. Agosti and A. le Méhauté was together finalists for LVMH Science for Art  Awards (1990) for their research associated with the aesthetic of Benoit Mandelbrot fractal geometries. This work was prolonged with strong relationship with the association ARPAM, Association for Art and Mathematics managed by Claude Bruter.

Other contributions
Besides these functions at the steering committee of the National Network of Complex Systems and actions for various international councils his scientific activity is now focused on writing scientific articles and two books on the syntheses of complex time, creativity and innovation. This work is made in the frame of his positions as visiting Professor at Kazan Federal University (centre for advanced engineering and complex systems) and as Associated Professor in Universities of Quebec.

Graduation
Ingénieur Ecole Supérieur des Chime Industrielle de Lyon (1972).

Docteur d’Etat de l’Université de Nantes (1979)

Docteur Honoris Causa de l’Université Fédérale de Kazan (2008)

Committee member

 * Member of the steering committee of French Society for Chemistry (jusqu'en 1987)
 * Board the Academy for Electrotromagnetic Waves and Applications (MIT 1990)
 * Member of the New York Academy of Science 1996-2010
 * Member of the Board of Trustees Deutsches Institut für Kautschuktechnologie Hanovre Allemagne (Directeur Dr. Schuster) ; 1999-2005
 * Member of the Scientific Board Materials Design Inc and Co since 2000
 * Member of the steering committee of research of the Conférence des Grandes Ecoles (see report)
 * Member of the steering committee of RNSC (Réseau National des Systèmes Complexes)