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Additions to the existing articles as part of my assignment
Peace proscovia (talk) 06:26, 12 May 2017 (UTC)ADDITIIONS TO PUBLISHED ARTICLES AS PART OF MY ASSIGNMENT Before CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Definition [edit] The term "corporate social responsibility" became popular in the 1960s and has remained a term used indiscriminately by many to cover legal and moral responsibility more narrowly construed.[10] Business Dictionary defines CSR as "A company’s sense of responsibility towards the community and environment (both ecological and social) in which it operates. Companies express this citizenship (1) through their waste and pollution reduction processes, (2) by contributing educational and social programs and (3) by earning adequate returns on the employed resources."[11] A broader definition expands from a focus on stakeholders to include philanthropy and volunteering.[12]

After Definition Since 1960, corporate social responsibility has attracted attention from businesses and stakeholders in regard to its benefits and what constitutes it. Corporate social responsibility has been defined differently by different writers basing on what they perceive about the concept. Having learnt from the devastating effects of corporate social irresponsibility, companies are focusing on the impacts of their operations not only on profits but the society and environment at large. Therefore, corporate social responsibility refers to "the ethical principle that an organization should be responsible for how its behavior might affect society and the environment" (Jobber & Fiona, 2012 ). From 1960"corporate social responsibility" has remained a term used indiscriminately by many to cover legal and moral responsibility more narrowly constructed. [10]

In response to the rising concerns on ethical issues in businesses, Carroll 1991 extended corporate social responsibility from the traditional economic and legal responsibility to ethical and philanthropic responsibility (Carroll, 1991 ) .Carroll demonstrates that corporate social responsibility is made up of four responsibilities that are interrelated and argues that corporate social responsibility cannot be achieved without meeting the four responsibilities sequentially namely Economic,legal,ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Similarly,Business Dictionary defines CSR as "A company’s sense of responsibility towards the community and environment (both ecological and social) in which it operates. Companies express this citizenship (1) through their waste and pollution reduction processes, (2) by contributing educational and social programs and (3) by earning adequate returns on the employed resources."[3][11]

Before Supply chain under corporate social responsibility Incidents like the 2013 Savar building collapse pushed companies to consider how the behaviour of their suppliers impacted their overall impact on society. Irresponsible behaviour reflected on both the misbehaving firm, but also on its corporate customers. Supply chain management expanded to consider the CSR context. Wieland and Hand field (2013) suggested that companies need to include social responsibility in their reviews of component quality. They highlighted the use of technology in improving visibility across the supply chain.[1][34]

After Supply chain In the 21st century, corporate social responsibility in the supply chain has attracted attention from businesses and stakeholders. Corporations supply chain is the process by which several organizations including suppliers, customers and logistics providers work together to provide products and services to the end user who is the customer (Simchi-Levi, et al., 2002 ). Key issues that have driven business entities is fair trading standard setting for suppliers in relation to human rights, labour standards and environment (Jobber & Fiona, 2012 ).

Corporate social irresponsibility in supply chain has greatly affected the reputation of companies leading to a lot of cost to solve the problems for instance incidents like the 2013 Savar building collapse killing over 1000 people perishedhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22476774 pushed companies to consider the impacts of their operations on society and environment. On the other side the horse meat scandal of 2013 in the United Kingdom affected so many food retailers including Tesco the largest retailer in the United Kingdom http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9875236/Horse-meat-scandal-Supermarkets-battle-to-regain-trust.htmlleading to the dismissal of the supplier (Mason, 2013). This corporate social irresponsibility from both the suppliers and the retailers have greatly affected the stakeholders who lost trust for the affected business entities and despite of the fact that some times its not directly undertaken by the companies, they become accountable to the stakeholders .These surrounding issues have prompted Supply chain management to consider the Corporate social responsibility context. Wieland and Hand field (2013) suggested that companies need to include social responsibility in their reviews of component quality. They highlighted the use of technology in improving visibility across the supply chain.[3][34]

MARKETING

Before

The marketing concept The term marketing concept pertains to the fundamental premise of modern marketing. This concept proposes that in order to satisfy the organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors. Marketing and marketing concepts are directly related.

After

The marketing concept The term marketing concept pertains to the fundamental premise of modern marketing. This concept proposes that in order to satisfy the organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors[9]. Marketing and marketing concepts are directly related. However it should be noted that the achievement of the marketing concept is based upon meeting three conditions identified by Jobber(2012) concurrently as explained below:

Satisfaction of customer

The operations of an organization should focus on satisfying its customer needs and wants sustainably 10],. In the 21st century where the needs and wants of consumers change everyday, it becomes a complex process which calls companies to get close to their customers in order to understand them for instance Dell computers and Smart Car fully get their customers involved in the design of their products.

Integrated effort

satisfying customers takes combined effort from every individual that is fully involved in the day to day operations of an organization from finance, engineering, production, research and development, information technology and many others based on the setting of an organization. For instance in an insurance firm if the finance and claims department fail to pay claims of clients, the effort of the marketers become worthless.

Goal achievement

the overall success of an organization is achieved when their is trust from the management that customer satisfaction is key to the achievement of both longterm and short term objectives of an organization.

REFERENCES Carroll, A. B., 1991. The pyramid of corporate social responsibility:toward moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), pp. 39-48. Jobber, D. & Fiona, E. C., 2012. principles and practices of marketing. eight ed. London: McGraw Hill companies. Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G., 2013. Principles of marketing. 6th ed. Toronto: Pearson. Mason, R., 2013. The Telegraph. [Online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/9891296/Horsemeat-scandal-supermarkets-have-failed-to-check-meat-suppliers-MPs-told.html [Accessed 10th may 2017]. Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky, D. & SimchiE, 2002. Designing and managing the supply chain. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin.