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Cosmological redshifts
For a many years, astrophysicists such as Jean-Claude Pecker have sought to interpret the redshifted $$z = \frac{f_{\mathrm{emit}} - f_{\mathrm{obsv}}}{f_{\mathrm{obsv}}}$$ spectra of stars by invoking Raman interaction of light with interstellar molecules. Incoherent Raman scattering shares the energy absorbed by incident ray between a molecule and an emerging ray scattered into any direction. Thus, each interaction strongly reduces the energy of the incident ray. But this criticism is not valid in space because the pressure of interstellar gases is very low, so that, according to Einstein's theory, interaction of light with a gas at very low pressure is spatially coherent: the gas can only amplify or absorb an incident ray. A ray emitted by a star is perfectly temporally incoherent, so contains all frequencies. By a coherent Raman effect, a quantum of energy of ray loses energy of quantum absorbed by a molecule. This effect is named "Stimulated Raman Loss" (SRL) or "spatially Coherent Raman Effect on temporally Incoherent Light" (CREIL). The observation of spectra of interstellar origin shows quantized redshifts, in particular redshifts given by Karlsson's law, denoted nK, where K is "Karlsson constant" 0.062 and n is an integer of a sequence 3, 4, 6, ... An elementary calculation shows that, for n = 3 (or 4), Karlsson's redshift brings Lyman beta (or gamma) frequency of an H atom to Lyman alpha frequency. Thus, when an absorbed beta or gamma line is brought to alpha frequency, the redshift stops: Alpha absorption is necessary for redshift. Therefore, redshift requires H atoms in excited state 2P. Because the reduction in frequency of the quanta of light of a ray does not significantly change spectral aspect, it is necessary that atomic quanta be very small and very numerous so that the law of large numbers applies and leaves a noise embedded in the hash noise of thermal light. In its 2P state, an H atom has fine structure (10.9 GHz) and Lamb shift (1.058 GHz) resonances, which transmit acquired energies to cold background. Consequences of attributing interstellar redshifts to an interaction with H2P atoms: * Hubble's law evaluates the column density of H2P. Hot stars that produce a lot of ultra-violet pump a lot of H atoms, creating bubbles in maps. * The Raman effect described depends on frequency. It explains dispersion of alkaline earth spectra emitted by the stars without variation of fine structure constant. * Closer, the spiral galaxies are smaller, stable without "dark matter".

Coherent Raman shifts
A star ray may be split into a large number of incoherent modes. A coherent Raman involving a low energy interaction of two modes of a ray with molecules transfers energy between these modes to excite cold molecules. In cold regions of space, entropy increases by a transfer of energy to cold molecules. If the order of magnitude of resonance frequencies of molecules are much lower than frequencies of light, Raman frequency shifts between modes of ray are individually invisible. A very large number of coherent Raman reduces all frequencies of light with a probability which does not depend much on exciting frequency, thus with a low dispersion slightly larger close to resonance frequency. For so-called "cosmological redshifts" of light, resonant frequencies of the order of 1GHz are convenient, but which are involved molecules ? They must be abundant, in particular close to hot stars. Is redshift produced by H atoms in 2P states ? Studies of quasars (for instance Karlsson's rule) show that many redshifts push an absorbed Lyman beta or gamma line to alpha, so that redshifts stop if atoms are not excited by Lyman alpha absorption. .