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= Sher Bahadur Deuba =

Early life and education
Deuba was born on 13 June 1946 in Ashigram, Dadeldhura. He completed his primary education from Ashigram Primary School. He then attented Mahendra High School in Doti where he completed his School Leaving Certificate exam. He moved to Kathmandu for his higher education and in 1963 enrolled in Tri-Chandra College.

In 1988, Deuba, with the help of acting Nepali Congress president Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, got a scholarship through Socialist International and was sent to London to attend the London School of Economics where he was a research student studying political science. In London he worked as a part-time translator for the BBC World Service.

Beginnings (1963–1990)
He started his political career as the member of the Far Western Zonal Student Union in 1963. The organization was founded by students from Far-Western Development Region who were studying in Kathmandu at the time. While studying at Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, he became a member of the Arjun Narasingha K.C. led Student Rally Coordination Committee along with Ram Chandra Poudel. He became a founding member of the Nepal Student Union in 1970. The next year, he became the president of the union, a position that he held for eight years.

Deuba was arrested in connection with the Jaisidewal bomb plot. He served nine years in jail during the 1970s and 80s for his participation in pro-democracy activities.

Multiparty era (1991–2002)
After the 1990 revolution, Deuba came back from London and was elected from Dadeldhura 1 at the 1991 election from Nepali Congress. He became Home Minister in Girija Prasad Koirala's cabinet.

He was reelected from Dadeldhura 1 at the 1994 election. Following the party losing their majority in the election, party president Girija did not stand for parliamentary party leader and Deuba was elected unopposed.

First cabinet (1995–1997)
After the minority government of Manmohan Adhikari fell, Deuba was appointed as prime minister in 1995 with the support of Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhawana Party. He came into controversy for having 52 cabinet members in his eighteen month long tenure a move that was criticized by party president Girija Prasad Koirala. His government was also accused of bribing MPs from minor parties and sending Rastriya Prajatantra Party MP's to Bangkok in order to avoid key votes in the parliament. His administration also introduced pensions, allowances and other privileges for legislators.

Deuba's administration frequently solicited the advice of the opposition in major domestic and foreign policy issues. His cabinet signed the Mahakali treaty with India, which had been initiated by the previous CPN (UML) government, introduced a system of voter ID and ended dual ownership of land through consensus in the parliament. Contunuing with party policy, his administration favored economic liberalization that the Koirala government in 1991 had started. Value-added taxes were introduced during his tenure. Deuba completed state visits to India, China, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States during his tenure.

He resigned in March 1997 after two MPs from his party abstained from voting against a no-confidence motion. He also resigned as parliamentary party leader after losing support in the parliamentary group and was replaced by Girija Prasad Koirala.

In the 1999 election, Deuba was reelected from Dadeldhura 1. After the resignation of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as prime minister and parliamentary party leader, Deuba faced off against Girija Prasad Koirala at the party but lost. He also lost stood against Koirala at the party's tenth general convention in January 2001 for the past of party president but faced defeat again.

Second cabinet (2001–2002)
After Koirala was forced to resign following the Holeri scandal in July 2001, Deuba defeated Sushil Koirala in the contest for parliamentary party leader and was appointed as prime minister for the second time. His government invited the Maoists for negotiations and agreed upon a cease-fire with them until the end of negotiations. The special Socio-Economic Reform Programs which covered land reforms, abolition of social discrimination, electoral reforms and women's property rights were brought in by his government as preemptive measures before negotiations with the Maoists. Following a breakdown in negotiations, the Maoists resumed their attacks on the government and a state of emergency was declared for six months in February 2002 after a parliamentary vote.

The July 2002 local elections were also postponed following the escalation of violence. After Deuba failed to get a two-thirds majority to extend the state of emergency and dissent within his party on the government's handling of the Maoist issue, Deuba requested King Gyanendra to dissolve the parliament and called for new elections within the next six months.

The Deuba government failed to hold new elections and asked for fourteen more months citing the growing Maoist insurgency. He was subsequently removed as prime minister by King Gyanendra in November 2002. Removing an elected prime minister was seen as a autocratic move from the king and was followed by wide spread protests.

Nepali Congress (Democratic) (2002–2007)
Deuba's move to extend the state of emergency and dissolving the House of Representatives was severely criticized by party chairman Girija Prasad Koirala. After Deuba was expelled from the Nepali Congress, his faction of the party called a general convention that deposed Koirala. Koirala declared this general convention illegal and was supported by two-thirds of the members of the committee. In September 2002, the Election Commission declared that Koirala's group was the official Nepali Congress following which Deuba split the party and formed Nepali Congress (Democratic).

Third cabinet (2004–2005)
After months of protests from the major political parties, King Gyanendra agreed to let the parties nominate the next prime minister. When no consensus was reached among the parties, Deuba was reinstated as prime minister in June 2004.

He remained as prime minister until 1 February 2005, when the king seized executive power and placed leading politicians including Deuba under house arrest. In July, Deuba was sentenced to two years in jail on corruption charges related to Melamchi Water Supply Project by the Royal Commission on Corruption Control set up by King Gyanendra. After the Supreme Court dismissed the commission for being unconstitutional, he was released from prison.

In September 2007, he re-united the Nepali Congress (Democratic) with the Nepali Congress.

Constituent Assembly (2008–2015)
He was elected from Dadeldhura 1 and Kanchanpur 4 at the 2008 Constituent Assembly election, the latter of which he vacated. Deuba was the candidate for Nepali Congress for prime minister but lost to CPN (Maoist) leader Pushpa Kamala Dahal, 464-113. He faced off against Ram Chandra Poudel for parliamentary party leader but lost. Deuba also unsuccessfully challenged acting president Sushil Koirala at the party's 12th general convention in September 2010.

He was reelected from Dadeldhura 1 at the 2013 Constituent Assembly election. He challenged party president Sushil Koirala for parliamentary party leader but lost.

Congress president (2016–present)
At the party's 13th general convention, Deuba was elected as the president of Nepali Congress defeating Ram Chandra Poudel in the second round of the runoff election.

Fourth cabinet (2017–2018)
In August 2016, the party agreed on a deal with CPN (Maoist Centre) to run the government for nine months each until the next election. As per the agreement, Deuba was sworn in as prime minister for the fourth time on 7 June 2017. He was elected from Dadeldhura 1 at the 2017 election but the left alliance of CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre) gained a majority in theHouse of Representatives. He resigned in February 2018 to make way for the new government. In the contest for parliamentary party leader he defeated Prakash Man Singh.

Fifth cabinet (2021–2022)
After KP Sharma Oli lost a no-confidence motion against him, Deuba was proposed as prime minister by the CPN (Maoist Centre) and some members of the opposition CPN (UML). President Bidhya Devi Bhandari denied this claim and reappointed Oli as prime minister who requested that the House of Representatives be dissolved and called for new elections. This was met by a legal challenge in the Supreme Court which ruled in favor of restoring the lower house and appointing Deuba as prime minister in July 2021.

Deuba was then appointed prime minister for the fifth time. At the party's 14th general convention in December 2021, Deuba was re-elected as president defeating Shekhar Koirala in the second round.

He was reelected from Dadeldhura 1 at the 2022 election. He was also reelected as the parliamentary party leader, surviving a challenge from general secretary Gagan Thapa.

Electoral Performance
=KP Sharma Oli=

Political positions
Oli credits his distant uncle Ramnath Dahal for his communist beliefs. As a student in Jhapa at the time, he was influenced by the Naxalite insurgency in West Bengal, India. He had not studied Marxism but had followed the line of Cultural Revolution in his earlier days. He later claimed that it was a "mistaken path".

Oli was regularly in conflict with "hardliners" that advocated for armed struggle against the Panchayat administration. He has been critical of the Maoists for the loss of life during the Civil War.

Relations with India
While organizing the Jhapa rebellion, organizers hired two Naxalite guerrillas to train their members. Oli supported Mohan Chandra Adhikari's opinion that their presence was part of India's imperialist ambitions in the region.

Oli played an important role in getting parliamentary support for the Mahakali treaty that was to be signed with India. The treaty was a reason cited for causing a split in the party and it led to Oli being seen as a pro-India leader.

During his first tenure in 2015, he pushed for closer ties with China following the blockade by India. In his second tenure his government brought in amendments to the constitution which added the disputed territories of Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura to the official map of the country in response to the inauguration of a road across Lipulekh by India.

Federalism and Republicanism
After the dissolution of the parliament in 2003, there were claims from some that Oli had dealings with the palace. He had commented that turning Nepal into a republic would be like "making for America in a bullock cart". Oli also defied party whip and was not present when the interim legislature declared Nepal as a republic.

Oli has also been seen as favoring centralization. During his second term as prime minister he centralized more executive power into his post. He has also been seen as unwilling to let provincial and local governments function autonomously.