User:Penimetsa12345/Carbon source

CARBON SOURCE

ANTICANCER GENE:

When overexpressed ectopically, anticancer genes are those that preferentially kill cancer cells while sparing normal, healthy cells. Apoptosis, necrosis, or apoptosis following a mitotic catastrophe, and autophagy are only a few of the processes that can lead to cell death. In the late 1990s, research on cancer cells led to the identification of anticancer genes. Currently, 291 The human genome contains anti-cancer genes. Base substitutions that lead to insertions, deletions, or alterations in missense amino acids that cause frameshifts that alter the protein that the gene codes for copy number variations or gene rearrangements that lead to their deregulation are all necessary for a gene change in copy number or gene rearrangements. (1)

CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CANCER:

Chemotherapy, which involves administering specialized drugs to cancer patients, works to prevent cancer cells from proliferating, dividing, and producing new cells. Chemotherapy has a variety of uses, including,

To combat a specific form of cancer.

When a cure is not achievable, to slow tumor development.

To reduce tumor size prior to surgery or radiation treatment.

To get rid of signs like pain.

Once a tumor has been surgically removed, to prevent a potential cancer return and eradicate any little cancer cells that may have persisted (2)

CANCER GENE TYPES

There are three main categories of cancer genes that regulate cell division and have the potential to result in cancer.

Oncogenes are altered genes that can cause cancer by causing cells to expand out of control. Normal genes that regulate cell growth are called proto-oncogenes, though if they undergo mutation, they could develop into oncogenes and proto-oncogenes function as switches. Typically, a proto-oncogene is turned off the activation of a proto-oncogene instructs a cell to divide or expand. However, oncogenes are perpetually active, causing uncontrolled cell growth. (3)

Normal genes that act as tumor suppressors slow down cell division and growth, correct DNA errors, and indicate when cells should die. (Apoptosis, likewise referred to as "programmed cell death,", is a normal process). They support our defense against cancer. When turned on, tumor suppressor genes function appropriately. They limit the excessive cell division. However, these genes are disabled when they are altered. This results in uncontrolled cell growth, which can cause cancer. (4)

COMMON ANTICANCER GENES:  

Apoptin:

Apoptin, a protein produced from avian viruses, causes p53-deficient tumor-specific apoptosis manner. After attaching to DNA, apoptin behaves Apoptin is mostly nuclear and phosphorylated in tumor cells, whereas it is cytoplasmic and unphosphorylated in normal cells, where it is easily neutralized.

It's interesting to note that transfecting the SV40 big T oncogene can momentarily induce apoptosis, nuclear translocation, and apoptin phosphorylation in normal cells, showing that apoptin can detect early oncogenic change. Apoptin seems to detect signals of survival in cancer cells, which it can reroute into impulses for cell death. DEDAF, Nur77, Nmi, Hippi, and APC1 are among the targets for apoptin. Animal tumor models and apoptin-transgenic mice have shown apoptin to be a safe and effective anticancer agent which causes a significant tumor regression. Apoptin may be used as a target for treatment or as an early indicator of druggable tumor-specific processes in future antitumor therapies (5)

Brevinin 2R:

The frog's body's skin Ridibunda Rana was used to isolate the unique non-hemolytic defensin known as brevinin-2R. Malignant cells such as T-cell leukemia Jurkat, B-cell lymphoma BJAB, colon cancers HT29/219, SW742, fibrosarcoma L929, breast cancer MCF-7, and A549 (lung carcinoma) exhibit preferential cytotoxicity towards it in comparison to primary cells such T cells, human lung fibroblasts, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Jurkat, MCF-7, and L929 overexpressing cells as well as MCF-7 cells overexpressing a dominant-negative mutant of a pro-apoptotic BNIP3 (TM-BNIP3) were largely resistant to Brevinin-2R treatment. (6)

CANCER CAUSING GENES:

The impact of genetic variations on human health and the chance of developing cancer has received a significant lot of attention from scientists. The following genetic alterations have been connected for cancer.

BRCA gene mutations:

The tumor suppressing BRCA genes frequently help in cancer prevention. They control how cells divide and develop and help repair DNA damage BRCA gene abnormalities, however, can the likelihood of having specific cancers is raised. Cancers BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two BRCA recognized cancer-causing gene alterations. The likelihood that a woman may develop ovarian and breast cancer is increased by certain gene abnormalities. Male breast cancer and prostate cancer risk are both increased by BRCA2 gene mutations Men and women with BRCA2 gene mutations have a marginally increased chance of acquiring pancreatic cancer. (7)

REFERENCES:

1.   ''Futreal, P. Andrew (2009). "A census of human cancer genes". Nature Reviews    Cancer. 4 (3): 177–183. doi:10.1038/nrc1299. PMC 2665285. PMID''

2.   Dr Joyce MWATONOKA

3.  The American Cancer Society. Cancer and genes. https://www.cancer.org/, as of 2014.

4. The American Society for Clinical Oncology. Cancer Genetics in 2015: http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/genetics/cancer-genetics.

5. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.121806.154910

6. doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00129.x

7. Cancer Research UK. Genes, DNA and Cancer. Cancer Research UK; 2014: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer/genes-dna-and-cancer.