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The Ugandan red colobus (Procolobus tephrosceles) is an Endangered species of red colobus monkey, recognised as a distinct species since 2001. However there is disagreement over the species taxonomy with many considering the Ugandan red colobus to be a subspecies (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles). The Ugandan red colobus is an Old World monkey found in 5 different locations across Uganda and Tanzania.

Taxonomy
Recognised as a distinct species in 2001 the Ugandan red colobus had previously been considered a subspecies of P. badius, and later a subspecies of P. foai. There is currently a debate as to whether it should be considered a subspecies of P. rufomitratus.

Description
The Ugandan red colobus has a rust-red cap with a dark grey to black face, although infants are born with completely black faces. There is more variation amongst the coat colours of the Ugandan red colobus with back colour ranging from black to dark grey through to a reddish brown. The sides of the body and the arms and legs are a light grey. They have very long dark to light brown tails which they rely on for balancing when climbing and leaping through the canopy. The Ugandan red colobus has dark grey to black hands and feet and their feet are very long which helps them leap large distances

The Ugandan red colobus like all colobus monkeys has thumbs which are so reduced in size they are almost absent, it is thought this feature may help in brachiation when moving through the canopy.

There is strong sexual dimorphism; the males are much larger than the females. The average male weighs around 10.5Kg and the females weigh around 7Kg.

Distribution and Habitat
The Ugandan red colobus is found only in Africa. It has a distribution spanning 1000km of East Africa but populations are only found in 5 separate forested areas. These areas are in west Tanzania at the edge of Lake Victoria, in Gombe and Mahale Mountains at the edge of Lake Tanganyika, on the Ufipa Plateau and in west Uganda in Kibale National Park. The Ugandan population is the largest and it has been suggested that this is the only viable population with around 17,000 individuals. ). It is possible, though yet to be verified, that the Ugandan red colobus might also be located in Rwanda, Burundi and the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

The habitat of the Ugandan red colobus varies by population. Kibale National Park, Uganda, inhabited by the largest population, is a moist evergreen tropical forest. Kibale National Park has been a protected area since 1993. Before 1993 parts of the forest were subject to logging of different degrees of severity. The habitat of the Ugandan red colobus in the Mbisi Forest Reserve on the Ufipa Plateau is fragmented and severely degraded. Unlike Kibale where significant expanses of undisturbed forest remain.

Diet
The Ugandan red colobus’ are folivores so the main component of their diet is leaves. They are not limited to any tree species in particular and different groups in the same forest have shown preferences for different tree species. Although not particularly fussy about which species of tree they eat the Ugandan red colobus do have a preference for eating young leaves or the petioles of more mature leaves. Although uncommon the Ugandan red colobus has been observed eating bark, seeds and fruits, thought to be an important source of nutrients.

Social Structure
Ugandan red colobus groups are multi-male. Habitat quality and predation can affect group size which range in size from as few as 3 to as large as 85 individuals, although an average group size is around 40 individuals. The size of a group of often determined by how many males are present. Within a social group males are the stable component and rarely successfully move to another group. Females can disperse to other groups easily and are attracted to groups which contain a higher number of males. ). In all social groups of Ugandan red colobus females out-number males. This natural imbalance is further exaggerated by the predatory action of chimpanzees which single out females and juveniles as prey. Within groups there is a dominance hierarchy with adult males being dominant over adult females, most likely because of their larger size.

Ugandan red colobus often form fission-fusion groups in which a main large groups splits into smaller groups to forage. This is beneficial if there is limited food availability such as in more heavily logged parts of their forest habitat.

Grooming is a social behaviour which is frequently carried out amongst individuals of a group. Females are the main groomers, of males, young and other females. Males groom less often and receive the most grooming unless of a lower rank in the dominance hierarchy.

Interspecific interactions
The Ugandan red colobus is often found in association with other species of primate. Groups in parts of Kibale National Park have been seen to be in association with red-tailed monkeys for more than half their time. Although polyspecific associations are most common with red-tailed monkeys, associations have occasionally been observed between Ugandan red colobus and gray-cheeked mangabeys, blue monkeys and black-and-white colobus.

It is not certain why Ugandan red colobus form these associations with other species but protection from predators is the most accepted reason. The Ugandan red colobus are less vigilant, looking out for predators less often, when associated with red-tailed monkeys. They also form these associations more readily when there are a large number of young in the Ugandan red colobus group which implies they may be more protected when with the other species.

Predators
The Ugandan red colobus has two main predators: the chimpanzee and the crowned hawk-eagle. There are many primate species in Kibale National Park but chimpanzees rarely hunt any species other than the Ugandan red colobus. Each year in Ngogo, part of the Kibale National Park, up to 12% of the red colobus population are killed by chimpanzees. Chimpanzees do not hunt Ugandan red colobus all year round, instead they tend to go through bouts of heavy hunting. In response to attack by a chimpanzee all members of a Ugandan red colobus group gather together and males assemble to aggressively try and deter the attacking chimpanzee.

Crowned hawk-eagles prefer to prey on infants and young juveniles of the Ugandan red colobus. Research has found that both the Ugandan red colobus and the red-tailed monkey are killed less often by crowned hawk-eagles than would be expected, based on both monkeys high abundance in the Kibale National Park. Both monkey species’ avoidance of capture has been attributed to their increased defence from forming interspecific associations.

Reproduction
Sexual maturity in males is reached at 5 years and between 4 and 5 years for females of the Ugandan red colobus. Gestation length is 5 to 6 months with females having their first infant between 4 and 5 years old. There is no distinct breeding season with infants being born all year round, however during the rainier months a peak in births is seen to coincide with the flush of new leaves for food.

Both males and females initiate copulation. During copulation other group members sometimes harass the pair by making loud calls, lunging at or leaping around or onto the males back. The harassers are usually either adult males in intrasexual competition or juveniles if it is their mother which is copulating.

Conservation status and Threats
The Ugandan red colobus is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It has this listing because the populations are very fragmented and there is no movement of individuals between populations. They are also classified as Endangered because the occurrence of all the populations combined is less than 5,000km2 and this area is at risk of being decreased due to habitat loss and degradation that occurs outside protected areas. The Ugandan red colobus is also listed as Endangered due to there being a decline in numbers, principally due to chimpanzee predation and habitat loss. Hunting of the Ugandan red colobus by humans is not common and in Kibale, Uganda hunting of all primates was stopped in the 1960s.