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In theology, the Mosaic Covenant (also referred to as the Sinaitic Covenant, the Mosaic Law, or the Law/Torah) refers to the covenant between Yahweh and the nation of Israel. The establishment and stipulations of the Mosaic Covenant are recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures, which are collectively called the Torah because they outline the Mosaic Covenant. In Christianity, the entire Hebrew Bible is called the "Old Testament" in reference to the Mosaic Covenant.

The Mosaic Covenant played a pivotal role in defining the Israelite kingdom, and subsequently the southern Kingdom of Judah and northern Kingdom of Israel.

In the Jewish and Christian Bible Yahweh establishes the Mosaic Covenant with the Israelites after he has saved them from bondage in Egypt in the events of The Exodus. The Qur'an, however, has Israel as the initiating party, offering the covenant to Allah.

, depending on the viewpoint (see Biblical law in Christianity), either superseded or expanded by the Christian New Covenant. The proponents of this view point to Exodus 19 through to the book of Deuteronomy as its textual basis. This covenant, which is the basis of Judaism, is significant in Christian theology as a background to the events and teachings of the New Testament. In this covenant, Yahweh promises:


 * To make the Children of Israel His special possession among all people if they obey Him and keep His covenant
 * To make the Children of Israel a kingdom of priests and a holy nation
 * To give the Children of Israel the Sabbath as the permanent sign of this covenant