User:Peteryebuzhidaogaiqushenmemingzi/Egyptian Music

Music of Egypt
Music has been an important part of Egyptian culture since ancient times. Murals and reliefs in Egypt contain a lot of ancient Egyptian music information. Egyptian music had a great influence on the development of ancient Greek music. Through the Greeks, early European music continued to the middle ages. As Egypt has ruled its neighbors for thousands of years, Egyptian culture, including music and musical instruments, has a great influence in the surrounding areas; For example, the Bible claims that the musical instruments played by the ancient Hebrews are Egyptian musical instruments determined by Egyptian Archaeology. Egyptian modern music is regarded as the main core of Middle East and oriental music. Because of the popularity and great influence of Egyptian film and music industry and Egypt's political influence on neighboring countries, Egyptian modern music has a great impact on the region. In addition, Egypt has produced the most successful musicians and composers in the region, especially in the 20th century, Many of them have international status. The tonal structure music of the East is defined by maqamat, which is roughly similar to the western mode, while the rhythm of the East is controlled by iqa'at, which is a standard rhythm mode composed of stressed and unstressed beats and rest.

Catalogue

 * 1 History
 * 1.1 Neolithic period
 * 1.2 Predynastic period
 * 1.3 Old Kingdom
 * 1.4 Medieval music
 * 1.5 Modern Egyptian classical and pop music
 * 2 Western classical music
 * 3 Religious music in Egypt
 * 4 Folkloric music
 * 5 Folk and roots revival
 * 5.1 Saidi (Upper Egyptian)
 * 5.2 Nubian
 * 6 Egyptian musical instruments
 * 7 Electronic music
 * 8 Reconstruction of ancient Egyptian music
 * 9 See also
 * 10 Notes and references
 * 11 Further reading
 * 12 External links

History
Ancient Egyptian Music is one of the earliest civilization with music. From the 3100 Before Christ that music already become an important composition. This can be found from the palace and grave. Then at 2181 Before Christ there are already have relief with harp, there are also mural with people are playing instruments include harp, oboe, Lyra. which can just prove that the music were shows up before that time. The ancient Egyptians credited the goddess Bat with the invention of music. The cult of Bat was eventually syncretised into that of Hathor because both were depicted as cows. Hathor's music was believed to have been used by Osiris as part of his effort to civilise the world. The lion-goddess Bastet was also considered a goddess of music in ancient Egypt.

Neolithic period
In prehistoric Egypt, music and chanting were commonly used in magic and rituals. Rhythms during this time were unvaried and music served to create rhythm. Small shells were used as whistles.

Predynastic period
During the predynastic period of Egyptian history, funerary chants continued to play an important role in Egyptian religion and were accompanied by clappers or a flute. Despite the lack of physical evidence in some cases, Egyptologists theorise that the development of certain instruments known of the Old Kingdom period, such as the end-blown flute, took place during this time.

Old Kingdom
The evidence for instruments played is more securely attested in the Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played.[citation needed] Percussion instruments and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today.

Medieval music
Early Middle Eastern music was influenced by Byzantine and Roman forms, which were themselves heavily influenced by earlier Greek, Semitic, and Ancient Egyptian music.

Egyptians in Medieval Cairo believed that music exercised "too powerful an effect upon the passions, and leading men into gaiety, dissipation and vice." However, Egyptians generally were very fond of music. Though, according to E.W. Lane, no "man of sense" would ever become a musician, music was a key part of society. Tradesmen of every occupation used music during work and schools taught the Quran by chanting.

The music of Medieval Egypt was derived from Ancient Egyptian and Byzantine traditions. Lane said that "the most remarkable peculiarity of the Arabic system of music is the division of tones into thirds," although today Western musicologists prefer to say that Arabic music's tones are divided into quarters. The songs of this period were similar in sound and simple, within a small range of tones. Egyptian song, though simple in form, is embellished by the singer. Distinct enunciation and a quavering voice are also characteristics of Egyptian singing.

Male professional musicians during this period were called Alateeyeh (plural), or Alatee (singular), which means "a player upon an instrument". However, this name applies to both vocalists as well as instrumentalists. This position was considered disreputable and lowly. However, musicians found work singing or playing at parties to entertain the company. They generally made three shillings a night, but earned more by the guests' givings.

Female professional musicians were called Awalim (pl) or Al’meh, which means a learned female. These singers were often hired on the occasion of a celebration in the harem of a wealthy person. They were not with the harem, but in an elevated room that was concealed by a screen so as not to be seen by either the harem or the master of the house. The female Awalim were more highly paid than male performers and more highly regarded than the Alateeyeh as well. Lane relates an instance of a female performer who so enraptured her audience that she earned up to fifty guineas for one night's performance from the guests and host, themselves not considered wealthy.

Modern Egyptian classical and pop music
In the second half of the 19th century, the Hasaballah genre of popular improvisational brass band folk music emerged, initiated by clarinettist Mohammad Hasaballah and his band, also called Hasaballah, playing in Cairo's music and entertainment quarter on Mohammed Ali Street. The typical line-up of trumpet, trombone, bass and snare drums, was popular, such as at family events, for well over a century, and is still played.

Egyptian music began to be recorded in the 1910s when Egypt was still part of the Ottoman Empire. The cosmopolitan Ottoman rulers encouraged the development of the arts, encouraging women and locals to develop their musical abilities. By the fall of the Empire, Egypt's classical musical tradition was already thriving, centered on the city of Cairo. In general, modern Egyptian music blends its rich indigenous traditions, with some western elements that helped create Egypt's pop music.

Since the end of World War I, some of the Middle East's biggest musical stars have been Egyptian. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of Abdu el-Hamuli, Almaz, and Mahmud Osman, as well as the later work of the 20th century's most important Egyptian composers and singers: Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Abdel Halim Hafez, and Zakariya Ahmed. Most of these stars, including Umm Kulthum and Nagat El-Saghira, were part of the traditional Egyptian music. Some, like Abd el-Halim Hafez, were associated with the Egyptian nationalist movement from 1952 onward.[citation needed]

Cairo-born Fatma Said was the first Egyptian soprano to sing at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, and from 2016-2018 took part in BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artists scheme.

Also Egypt has traditional soft music, but it is developed from weddings rather than festivals. It is very surprising that many Egyptian weddings do not have too many religious limitations. Usually, only one song is related to religion and lists the names of 99 gods.Today, Egyptian Muslim Wedding sites are divided into bands and DJs. More people prefer DJs because of the lower cost.There is a kind of music called mulid milieus in the Sufi of Egypt. Its rhythm makes people comment that it is the rhythm of forced spiritual dance. Itself is a rhythm which full of "joy"

And as the time goes on, DJ also shows up asw part of the music culture. the Music Played by DJ is the combination of past parade music and modern music, which is more youth oriented, street smart media. They begin to replace some of the traditions like Wedding music and music parade. At the 2007 mulid of Sayyida Sakina, located on a street filled with saints in an old quarter of the city, DJ stations outnumbered the Sufi service tents, munshidin, and popular bands.

Western classical music
Cairo Opera House, a landmark in the cultural landscape of Egypt and the Middle East

Western classical music was introduced to Egypt, and, in the middle of the 18th century, instruments such as the piano and violin were gradually adopted by Egyptians. Opera also became increasingly popular during the 18th century, and Giuseppe Verdi's Egyptian-themed Aida was premiered in Cairo on December 24, 1871.

By the early 20th century, the first generation of Egyptian composers, including Yusef Greiss, Abu Bakr Khairat, and Hasan Rashid, began writing for Western instruments. The second generation of Egyptian composers included notable artists such as Gamal Abdelrahim. Representative composers of the third generation are Ahmed El-Saedi and Rageh Daoud. In the early 21st century, even fourth generation composers such as Mohamed Abdelwahab Abdelfattah (of the Cairo Conservatory) have gained international attention.

Religious music in Egypt
Religious music remains an essential part of traditional Sufi Muslim and Coptic Christian celebrations called mulids. Mulids are held in Egypt to celebrate the saint of a particular church or an exalted local Muslim figure. Muslim mulids are related to the Sufi zikr ritual. The Egyptian flute, called the ney, is commonly played at mulids. The liturgical music of the Alexandrian Rite also constitutes an important element of Egyptian music and is said to have preserved many features of ancient Egyptian music.

Sufi Muslim is not the original religion in Egypt. For the music in Egyption were actually start in 3100 before christ, and the Muslim were actually start at 610 before christ. in the beginning Egyptian has their own religions, they have their own recognization about all kinds god. and in case to communicate with their god they have preists,also they build the colossi of memnon. and during that time they mainly use flutes, harps and tabla.

Folkloric music
Egyptian folk music, including the traditional Sufi dhikr rituals in Egypt, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms, and instruments.

Folk and roots revival
The 20th century has seen Cairo become associated with a roots revival. Musicians from across Egypt are keeping folk traditions alive, such as those of rural Egyptians (fellahin), the Saii'da, and to a lesser extent minorities like the Siwa people, the Egyptian Gypsies, the Sinawis and the Nubians. Mixtures of folk and pop have also risen from the Cairo hit factory.

Since the Nasser era, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, particularly among the large youth population of Egypt. Egyptian folk music continues to be played during weddings and other traditional festivities. In the last quarter of the 20th century, Egyptian music was a way to communicate social and class issues. Among some of the most popular Egyptian pop singers today are Mohamed Mounir and Amr Diab.

An Egyptian band playing the simsimiyya.

Ancient Egyptian lyre.

The Egyptian darbuka/tabla.

Sawahli (coastal) music is a type of popular Egyptian music from the country's northern coast, and is based around ancient Egyptian instrumentals, mainly the simsimiyya, which is an indigenous Egyptian stringed instrument that has its roots in ancient Egypt, it---the simsimiyya---was probably introduced to the country's northern coast from the Nile valley in the 19th century by Egyptian workers in the Suez Canal. Well known Egyptian bands that feature the simsimiyya as a main instrument include el-Tanboura, which uses other ancient Egyptian instruments.

Saidi (Upper Egyptian)
Egyptian musicians from Upper Egypt play a form of folk music called Ṣa‘īdi which originates from Upper Egypt. Metqal Qenawi's Les Musiciens du Nil (Musicians of the Nile; who became known to Alain Weber in 1975), are the most popular Sa‘ī di group, and were chosen by the government to represent Egyptian folk music abroad. They spent over three decades touring Europe performing at various festivals and musical events and in 1983 after their performance in the World of Music and Dance Festival, they were signed to Peter Gabriel's label Real World-Carolina and went on to feature on his Album Passion. Other performers include Shoukoukou, Ahmad Ismail, Omar Gharzawi, Sohar Magdy and Ahmed Megahid.

Nubian
In Egypt, Nubians are native to southern part of Aswan, though some live in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities. Nubian folk music can still be heard, but migration and intercultural contact with Egyptian and other musical genres have produced new innovations. Ali Hassan Kuban's efforts had made him a regular on the world music scene, while Mohamed Mounir's social criticism and sophisticated pop have made him a star among Nubians, Egyptians, and other people worldwide. Ahmed Mounib, Mohamed Mounir's mentor, was by far the most notable Nubian singer to hit the Egyptian music scene, singing in both Egyptian Arabic as well as in his native Nobiin. Hamza El Din was another popular Nubian Egyptian artist, well known on the world music scene and has collaborated with the Kronos Quartet.

Egyptian musical instruments
A typical early 20th century Egyptian ensemble comprising the Oud, qanun, violin, ney, and cello.

Many of the modern day instruments, both in the East and the West, trace their roots back to ancient Egypt, and many ancient Egyptian instruments are still used in Egypt today, such as the darbuka, the simsimiyya, the Egyptian ney, among other instruments.

During the Abbasid and Ottoman dynasty Egypt was one of the main musical hubs in the middle east and therefore after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923 Egypt became the capital of music in the Arabic-speaking world where classical instruments such as the oud, qanun, and ney were widely used. The typical takht (ensemble) consisted of an Oud player, qanun player, ney player and violin player. The takht (literally meaning a sofa) was the most common form of ensembles in the early 20th century before the adoption of more orchestral instruments which were introduced by composers such as Mohamed El Qasabgi, Riad El Sunbati and Mohammed Abdel Wahab.

Ancient Egyptian also use flutes, horizon flute and harps, which can tell from some of the Mural people discovered. And some of the murals also shows special gestures.

Electronic music
One of the most respected early electronic music composers, Halim El-Dabh, is an Egyptian. Active at the same time, or perhaps earlier than, the French electronic pioneers from the Studio d’Essai, he is one of, if not the, earliest composer of purely electronic music. In 1944 he composed the earliest known work of tape music, or musique concrète, called The Expression of Zar, which he composed in Egypt, while still a student in Cairo, by capturing sounds from the streets of Egypt on a wire recorder.

The Egyptian electronic music scene has gained a mainstream foothold in the forms of techno, trance, and dance pop DJs such as Aly & Fila. In the 2010s, Mahraganat music, an Egyptian form of electronic music which often contains political lyrics, gained popularity both inside and outside Egypt.

In 2008, the parade was divided into two batches. One was a donkey decorated with balloons and ribbons, and the player played percussion music on it. The other is DJ playing dance music on the truck.

The Music Play by DJ at this situation called mulid， It is the combination of past parade music and modern music, which is more youth oriented, street smart media. Compare to the religion problems, most people have more questions about taste of music styles.

But because of the influence from DJ, it is easy for the procession have Mild disrespect and a joking attitude.

Reconstruction of ancient Egyptian music
In the 20th and early 21st centuries, interest in the music of the pharaonic/ancient Egyptian period began to grow, inspired by the research of such foreign-born musicologists as Hans Hickmann, who lived and worked in Egypt. By the early 21st century, Egyptian musicians and musicologists led by the Egyptian musicology professor Khairy el-Malt at Helwan University in Cairo had begun to reconstruct musical instruments of ancient Egypt, a project that is ongoing.

resources:

Journal of the History of Ideas, October 2014, Vol. 75, No. 4 (October 2014), pp.545-580

Peterson, Jennifer and Karin van Nieuwkerk. Playing with spirituality: the adoption of mulid motifs in Egyptian dance music Contemporary Islam, 2008, 2(3), 271-295. https://doi-org.cbu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11562-008-0064-9

Rehding, Alexander. "Music-Historical Egyptomania, 1650-1950." Journal of the History of Ideas 75.4 (2014): 545-80. Web.

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