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Yrigoyen: Reconstruction, Revolution, and a secret ballot (1903-1916)
Hipólito Yrigoyen is an important party figure. Principal article: History of the Radical Civic Union: 1903-1916

In 1903, Hipólito Yrigoyen becan to reorganize the Radical Civic Union for a new revolution. Two years after he led the armed uprising known as the Revolution of 1905, which although it failed to put sufficient pressure on the official party, it was able to cause a breakdown.

The more progressive leaders of the autonomists, such as Carlos Pellegrini and Roque Sáenz Peña, they began to support that it was necessary to make institutional changes to hold back the growth of social and political conflict.

In 1910 when Roque Sáenz Peña was elected president, the Radical Civic Union already was not in the position to carry out new assembled uprisings, but the general belief was existing that a revolution was imminent. Saénz Peña y Yrigoyen, who had been maintaining a personal friendship from childhood, they then had a private meeting in which they agreed to sanction a law of free suffrage. Two years later, in 1912, they approved the law of universal secret, and obligatory voting for men, known as The Sáenz Peña Law. On the other hand, it was also the first argentinian political party to present a legal project for women to vote in1919, that eventually did not pass given the conservative majority in Congress. Gabino Ezeiza, a great Payador, describer of the popular culture in favor of Yrigoyen

The Radical Civic Union put an end to their electoral political abstention, and went to the parliamentary elections, without forming electoral alliances. For the first time in Argentina, they voted in a voting booth to guarantee the secret ballot. The predictable vote, the secret vote, and democracy.

Before 1912, Argentina was using an electoral system in which votes were expressed verbally, or by means of a ticket, in public, and in a voluntary way, called the “predictable vote”, which broke the electoral system. The struggle for democracy in Argentina, not related initially as much with universal suffrage but with the secret vote, in a voting booth, which made independent the wish of the voter from all external pressures. The Sáenz Peña Law of 1912 established the secret and obligatory vote, but due to the fact that it was not recognized the right of women to vote or to be voters, it is not correct to say that Argentina had a truly universal voting system until 1947. The Radical Civic Union first one the elections to governor in Sante Fe (Manuel Menchaca) from which followed a trail of triumphs in the rest of the country.

Among the radical leaders at this time were: José Camilo Crotto (CF), Leopoldo Melo (CF), Vicente Gallo (CF), Fernando Saguier (CF), Marcelo T. de Alvear (CF), José L. Cantilo (CF), Delfor del Valle (PBA), Horacio Oyhanarte (PBA), Rogelio Araya (SF), Rodolfo Lehmann (SF), Enrique Mosca (SF), Elpidio González (CBA), Pelagio Luna (LR), Miguel Laurencena (ER), José Néstor Lencinas (Mza), Federico Cantoni (SJ).

The electoral triumphs of radicalism caused the collapse of the parties from the prior political system to the Sáenz Peña Law. The Radical Civic Union auto-dispersed due to an initiative of Honorio Pueyrredón and its’ members massively joined radicalism. The National Autonomist Party dissolved.

On the 2nd of April of 1916, for the first time in Argentinian history they carried out the presidential elections by means of a secret ballot. The Radical Civic Union obtained 370,000 votes, against the 340,000 votes of all the other parties and in the Electoral College their way was put to a vote. In this way, a long cycle of 14 consecutive years of radical government. The Radical Civic Union won the presidential elections on three successive occasions:  Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916-1922), Marcelo T. de Alvear (1922-1928), and Hipólito Yrigoyen once again (1928-1930). The series of radical governments would be violently interrupted by means of a military coup on December 6th, 1930. The secret vote opened a new chapter in Argentinian History. Principal article: History of the Radical Civic Union: 1916-1930

El primer gobierno de Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916-1922)
The government of the Radical Civic Union indicated the arrival of the government and the direction of the state organization of members of the medial sects that until this moment were indeed excluded from these functions.

The first presidency of Hipólito Yrigoyen promoted a series of politics of a new type, which in conjunction was signaling a transformative nacionalist tendency, between that which  emphasized the creation of the state-owned oil business YPF, the new rural laws, the fortification of the public railways, the Reform University, and a strongly autonomous political exterior for the greatests improvements.

On the matter of labor, he propelled several laws for workers such as the law of the 8 hour work day and the law of Sunday rest, and he intervened as a neutral mediator in the conflicts between labor unions and big companies, but during his time in government several large worker masacres such as the Tragic Week, The Forest, and the Firing Squad Executions of Patagonia occurred, with thousands of workers killed. The historian Halperín Donghi explains that the radical governments resolved the problem of regional equality in Argentina, but as a consequence of this, at the same time they brought social inequalities to a higher level, because radicalism was lacking solutions for the people on the bottom, through systematically neglecting class differences.

Radicalism, during the first government of Yrigoyen, was in the minority in Congress: In the Deputy Chamber 45 members were radicals and 70 opposers, while amongst the 30 members of the Senate 4 were radicals. Nonetheless Yrigoyen kept up an anti-accord force and a slightly inflammatory conversation and negotiation, not only with the traditional conservative parties that were controlling the senate, but also with the new popular parties that had gained leadership from the secret ballot: the Socialist Party and the Democratic Progressive party. Also, Yrigoyen took forward a political system of interventions to the provinces and a style of personal and direct management, that would be severely critical for his opposition both inside and outside of the Radical Civic Union, calling it “personalism”.

Bibliography:


 * 1) Luna 1964,204
 * 2) Luna 1964; 186-187, 316
 * 3) Hace 101 años se enviaba al Congreso el proyecto para facilitar la aplicación del Descanso Dominical, Conclusión, 24 de junio de 2019
 * 4) El estatuto del peón de campo, Página/12, 21 de diciembre de 2008