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Thermistors are inexpensive, easily-obtainable temperature sensors. They are easy to use and adaptable. Circuits with thermistors can have reasonable outout voltages - not the millivolt outputs thermocouples have. Because of these qualities, thermistors are widely used for simple temperature measurements. They're not used for high temperatures, but in the temperature ranges where they work they are widely used.

Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. All resistors vary with temperature, but thermistors are constructed of semiconductor material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. However, unlike most other resistive devices, the resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. That's due to the properties of the semiconductor material that the thermistor is made from. For some, that may be counterintuitive, but it is correct. Here is a graph of resistance as a function of temperature for a typical thermistor. Notice how the resistance drops from 100 kW, to a very small value in a range around room temperature. Not only is the resistance change in the opposite direction from what you expect, but the magnitude of the percentage resistance change is substantial.

In this lesson you will examine some of the characteristics of thermistors and the circuits they are used in.

* Why Use Thermistors To Measure Temperature? o They are inexpensive, rugged and reliable. o They respond quickly

* What Does A Thermistor Look Like? o Here it is.

* What Does A Thermistor Do? o A Thermistor is a temperature dependent resistor. When temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way.

* How Does A Thermistor's Resistance Depend Upon Temperature? o The Steinhart-Hart equation gives the reciprocal of absolute temperature as a function of the resistance of a thermistor. o Using the Steinhardt-Hart equation, you can calculate the temperature of the thermistor from the measured resistance. o The Steinhardt-Hart equation is:

1/T = A + B*ln(R) + C*(ln(R))3 R in W, T in oK

o The constants, A, B and C can be determined from experimental measurements of resistance, or they can be calculated from tabular data.

Here are some data points for a typical thermistor from "The Temperature Handbook" (Omega Engineering, Inc., 1989). (By the way, when you refer to this thermistor, you would say it has 5kW at room temperature.) T (oC) R (W) 0 16,330 25 5000 50 1801

Using these values, we can get three equations in A, B and C.

(1/273)  = A + B ln(16330) + C (ln(16330))3

(1/298)  = A + B ln(5000) + C (ln(5000))3

(1/323)  = A + B ln(1801) + C (ln(1801))3

This set of simultaneous linear equations can be solved for A, B and C. Here are the values computed for A, B and C.

A = 0.001284 B = 2.364x 10-4 C = 9.304x 10-8

Using these values you can compute the reciprocal, and therefore the temperature, from a resistance measurement.

Using these values for A, B and C we obtain a plot of resistance vs. Kelvin temperature.

Getting the temperature from resistance

If you have a resistance value - and that is what you will measure electrically - you then need to solve for the temperature. Use the reciprocal of the equation above, and you will get: Bold text T = 1/[A + B*ln(R) + C*(ln(R))3] R in W, T in oK

However, if the thermistor is embedded in a circuit - like a voltage divider, for example - then you will have to measure electrical quantities - usually voltage - and work back from that electrical measurement. There will be situations where you need to measure a higher temperature than a thermistor can work in. Or you may need more precision than a thermistor can give. Consider a thermocouple or and integrated circuit sensor like the LM35. How Do You Use A Thermistor?

Thermistors are most commonly used in bridge circuits like the one below. Bridge circuits are discussed in more detail in the lesson on bridge circuits.

In this bridge circuit, three resistors are constant, Ra, Rb, and Rc, while the resistive sensor, Rs, varies depending upon some physical variable - like temperature, light level, etc. That's where the thermistor can be used.

The thermistor can be placed anywhere in the bridge with three constant resistors, but different placements can produce different behavior in the bridge. For example, different placements might cause the output voltage to go in different directions as the temperature changes. link title