User:Phanuel02/REPIN1

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The protein helps enable RNA binding activity as a replication initiation-region protein. The make up of Repin 1 include three zinc finger hand clusters that organize polydactyl zinc finger proteins containing 15 zing finger DNA- binding motifs. It has also been predicted to help in regulation of transcription via RNA polymerase II with it being located in the nucleoplasm. Expression of this protein has been seen in the colon, spleen, kidney, and 24 other tissues within the human body throughout.

Research History
Repin 1 originally was first identified in a 1990 study focusing on replication of dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) in Chinese hamsters, with it initiating near stable bent DNA that binds to multiple factors. In the paper scientists used protein DNA cross linking experiments that revealed the 60-kDa polypeptide, with it being labeled by its alternative name RIP60. Due to the cofractionating of ATP-dependent DNA helicase with DNA-binding activity that was origin specific, the study suggested that the protein was involved with chromosomal DNA synthesis in mammalian cells. Analysis done to confirm that Repin 1 represented ATT-binding activity was purification using UV protein DNA cross linking experiments leading to their conclusions.

The structure of the Repin 1 Gene has not been entirely characterized yet

Genetics
Repin 1 can be found on chromosome 7q36.1 according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Repin 1 acts as a specific sequence binding protein in human DNA which is required for the start of chromosomal replication. Located in the nucleoplasm and part of the nuclear origin of replication recognition complex within the nucleus, it first binds on 5'-ATT'3' of the sequence. It does this on reiterated sequences downstream of the origin of bidirectional replication (OBR), and at a second 5'-ATT-3' homologous sequence opposite of the orientation within the OBR zone. It encodes proteins containing fifteen C2H2 zinc finger DNA binding motifs to three clusters referred to as hands Z1 (ZFs 1-5), Z2 (ZFs 6-8), and Z3 (ZFs 9-15) with proline rich areas being present between them.

Function
The function of REPIN 1 is to act as a replication initiator and sequence binding protein for chromosomal replication. Like other zinc finger proteins its physiological functions, molecular mechanisms, and regulations are not fully understood. However due to its high expression in adipose tissue and livers found in sub congenic and congenic rat strains some scientists have seen in as a participant in the regulation of genes. More specifically in those that are involved in lipid droplet formation and fusion, adipogenesis, as well as glucose and fatty acid transport in adipocytes. Human in vitro data also suggests REPIN 1's role in adipocyte function and a possible therapeutic target for treating obesity.

Medical Applications and Research (Unsure to Add)
Research into REPIN 1 has led to numerous correlations between its expression and an organism's metabolism and general bodily functions.

Insulin Sensitivity in Mice
Repin 1 and its deletion effects have been researched in knockout mice with it being restricted to the liver, creating some of the first in vivo links between Repin 1 and its effects. Researchers found that hepatic Repin 1 deficiency caused improved insulin sensitivity. This was also connected to higher energy expenditures, reduced fat accumulation in the liver, and less body weight gain. Transcriptional regulation of genes involved with insulin signaling (Ppary and Akt), lipid droplet formation (Vamp4 and Snap23) and lipid uptake (Cd36) were likely responsible for these changes in the aftermath of the deletion of Repin 1.