User:Phaseoluslunatus/sandbox

-TEK and how it's implement historically among tribes and relationship to landscape/specifically regional ceremony (Clara)

Based along the banks of the Klamath, the cultures of the Klamath river tribes (Klamath Tribe, Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa) revolve around a place-based spirituality, with the Klamath river being a central landmark. Many important ceremonies, markers of time, and acts of ecological stewardship take place on or near the river

 I. Traditional Ecological Knowledge 

Traditional ecological knowledge (HYPERLINK) (TEK) is a term used to describe the type of natural science information that indigenous people have gathered about the places they live in over the course of hundreds if not thousands of years. It encompasses knowledge, beliefs, and practices that native people have accumulated through their immersive stewardship of the natural world (https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-fact-sheet.pdf). On the Klamath river, tribes have historically, and continue to, use traditional ecological knowledges and practices to care for and manage their landscape. Many tribes along the river employ cultural burning (HYPERLINKHERE) as a way to manage their ecosystem. These burns work to reduce the risk of catastrophic fires, help encourage the growth of culturally-relevant flora, and make room for game animals to intermingle with the forests. The Karuk tribe is well known for their prescribed cultural burns and their close work with the Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest(https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/lake/psw_2006_lake001_senos.pdf). Hunting, fishing, and harvesting practices along the Klamath river are all informed by TEK as well (https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5612b322e4b0ba4884c609af).

''' II. Place-Based Cultures: '''

a. Karuk

The concept of World Renewal plays heavily into both Karuk and Yurok culture. Although the term "world renewal" was coined by anthropologist Kroeber and Gifford, the Karuk tribe has adopted the phrase to refer to their annual ceremony that they view as essential to maintaining the reciprocal and stewarding relationship they have with the environment. The ceremony is meant to renew and sustain this relationship (https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/35556). Many aspects of the larger ceremony involve being near or on the Klamath river, such as boat dances that take place in canoes and involve giving thanks and gratitude to the river (https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp035-005.pdf). The Karuk language also revolves around the Klamath River, and the word "karuk" means "upriver". To indicate uphill, the word maruk is used, meaning away from the river. Conversely, the word saruk, meaning towards the river, is used to indicate downhill. ( https://books.google.com/bookshl=en&lr=&id=zzetAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA139&dq=karuk+AND+river+AND+ceremony+&ots=MzHj5oLy5e&sig=4aKF57S0pvkF_qpa2eGWSEGrdYE#v=onepage&q&f=false )

WRITE ABOUT FISHING PRACTICES

b. Yurok

The Yurok people think of the Klamath river as “the Bloodline: the life blood of the people” ( https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/yurok_klamath_doi_2011.pdf ) relying on it for foods like salmon (ney-ouy), sturgeon (Kaa-ka), candlefish (kwor-ror), and seaweed (chey-gel’) ( https://www.yuroktribe.org/our-history ). These foods, specifically fish and specifically from the Klamath river are of utmost important to the culture and religion of the Yurok tribe. Located along the river are various villages important to specific ceremonial practices of the Yurok, like the Jump Dance or the annual Salmon ceremony. Yurok culture and religion emphasizes direct connection and communication with the Klamath river. Yurok cosmologies and oral histories emphasize the importance of the Klamath river and its salmon as a gift from the creator to provide for the Yurok people. “Without this river we would not know who we are, where we’re from or where we’re going” said an elder in the tribal community.

The Yurok tribe’s ceremonies emphasize the Klamath River, and many traditional practices require close proximity to the river and include some type of bathing in or ingesting of the water. Recreational games are played on constructed “courts” along the river banks. ( https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/yurok_klamath_doi_2011.pdf )

The cycle of life in the Yurok culture is closely tied to the Klamath and those who have passed away are thought to take one last boat ride upriver. (https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/yurok_klamath_doi_2011.pdf)

Like with the other Klamath Basin Tribes, fishing remains an incredibly important aspect of Yurok culture, economy, and subsistence. (https://media.fisheries.noaa.gov/dam-migration/yurok_klamath_doi_2011.pdf)

Like the Karuk, the Yurok language references the Klamath river in their descriptions of direction.

c. Hoopa/Hupa

The Hoopa tribe hold similar ceremonial and religious beliefs regarding the river as the Yurok and Karuk people.

d. Klamath Tribe

The Klamath Tribes, made up of the Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin-Pauite people, reside in the Klamath Basin but hold their most sacred ceremonies along the Sprague River (HYPERLINK).