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Ennedi Plateau

Potential Sources:

https://journals.openedition.org/aaa/414?lang=en


 * Pastoralist societies in the Ennedi Highlands, Chad
 * First rock picture discovered: "Apollon Garamante," showed two masked persons on the side of cattle
 * Niola Doa: engravings of women in the north of the highlands
 * 6000 BP: savannah region with ~250 mm annual rainfall
 * 4300 BP: ~150 mm annual rainfall
 * Pastoralists became archaeologically visible around 3000 BC

Thinking with Animals in Upper Palaeolithic Rock Art

Georges Sauvet, Robert Layton, Tilman Lenssen-Erz, Paul Taçon & André Wlodarczyk


 * Characterized by a strong focus on domestic cattle.



Livestock in Saharan Rock Art

Alfred Muzzolini


 * The horns of cattle were predominant on rock walls, sometimes lyre-shaped.

Pictures and Pots from Pastoralists Investigations into the Prehistory of the Ennedi Highlands in NE Chad

Birgit Keding, Tilman Lenssen-Erz, Andreas Pastoors


 * Among the documented sites 104 have paintings, 54 sites have en- gravings and 10 have both.
 * Great use of color as a means for expression.
 * More than 86% of the recorded pictures are painted and 14% are engraved.

Adaptation or Aesthetic Alleviation: Which Kind of Evolution Do We See in Saharan Herder Rock Art of Northeast Chad?

Tilman Lenssen-Erz


 * The Ennedi rock art may have had an aesthetic quality as well. For instance, cows are portrayed as static, while horses are seen galloping.
 * They give cattle unique horns.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/216189.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A7e1ee711116cc2aa8ace8289c39449fa
https://blogs.univ-tlse2.fr/palethnologie/wp-content/files/2013/fr-FR/version-longue/articles/SIG06_Heyd-Lenssen-Erz.pdf

"Pastoralism and its Consequences" Summary

In this article, Gifford-Gonzalez argues that African pastoralism was likely to have emerged before the domestication of plants as well as settled farming. She continues by stating that there are three unique aspects to the history of domestic animal use in Africa. The first including that a reliance on cattle, sheep, and goats existed before domesticated plants and settled village farming communities. Second, she states that pastoralist societies had homogenous artifacts throughout various expanses of land. Third of all, she states that there were loss of species as communities expanded into sub-Saharan Africa. She continues by defining pastoralist communities, as well as how climate may have affected the development of early pastoralism and herding peoples in Western and Eastern Africa and how they adapted to certain changes in environment.

As the article progresses, Gifford-Gonzalez presents the idea that cattle were domesticated in three independent domestication events. However, she continues that the domestication events were all simultaneous. She attributes the end of pastoralism to the aridification between 5500 to 4500 b.p.

In the third millennium b.p., the Sahelian pastoralist society terminated and became different forms of food production. These changing forms of pastoralism led to the expansion of cultivation, as well as agricultural colonization. Gifford-Gonzalez concludes by mentioning that a lack of evidence has caused researchers to be puzzled about exactly when certain food production tactics took place, leaving much more research to be done.