User:Piggyback-cicak/sandbox

Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis q uam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.

Sunda Trench
The greatest earthquake threat for Bali and West Nusa Tenggara comes from the Java Segment of the Sunda Trench. [citation needed.] With tectonic processes similar to those that led to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the Australian Plate slowly subducts or slides northeast under the Sunda Plate. Over millions of years, this process produced the Sunda Arc, a volcanic arc that stretches from Northwest Sumatra to the Banda Sea and consists of islands such as Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa [link those?].

The convergence between the Australian Plate and Sunda plate occurs at a rate of rate here off the coast of Bali and West Nusa Tenggara. This movement tends to take the form of long periods of slow strain buildup, followed by quick, earthquake-producing releases of strain. Since the time of the earliest written records in the area, produced by Dutch traders in the early 17th century, no megathrust earthquake has occurred on the Java Segment. Combined with the plate velocity, this indicates a current estimated strain buildup of length meters, enough to produce a magnitude earthquake. This seismic gap poses a great threat to the entire region, particularly due to current building practices in the area. Buildings constructed of unreinforced masonry or poorly-engineered reinforced masonry are extremely dangerous and prone to collapse in an earthquake.

Poorly engineered buildings

Masonry was a building practice introduced by Dutch settlers, but oldies are goodies.

Flores Thrust
Flores Trust information.

structural hazards (building safety) (no unreinforced mansonry; traditional materials with modern methods is a good route)

nonstructural hazards

https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/indonesia_yogya_structural_damage.pdf

https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141226-tsunami-indonesia-catastrophe-banda-aceh-warning-science/

Structural and Non-Structural Hazards
Masonry as a building material was introduced to Indonesia by Dutch settlers. [basically that while unreinforced masonry is dangerous enough on its own, unreinforced masonry using dutch methods but modern materials is even more dangerous]

Tsunamis
Tsunamis Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis quam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.

Volcanoes
Volcanoes Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis quam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.

Related: Lahars

Indonesia's wet climate means lahars are common both during and after eruptions.

Lahars rapidly flow down slopes and river valleys, threatening any people or structures in the way.

Lahars are more common during the wet season.

Floods
Floods Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis quam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.

The geomorphology of Sunda Arc volcanic islands leads to drainage systems that are relatively short and steep.

The nature of these drainages means that flash floods are the most common flood hazard in the area.

Flash floods come suddenly, intensely, and with very little warning.

Typically happen during the rainy season.

Related hazard: lahars

people

Be aware of periods of high-intensity rainfall, or rainfall for a long duration, as these conditions can create flash floods.

In the event of a flash flood, move away from the area as quickly as possible and do not attempt to cross the water.

Potential response: building farther from the center of river valleys or building on stilts.

Landslides
Landslides Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis quam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.

Almost half of Indonesia population lives in moderate- to high-risk landslide areas, and landslides are the most widespread form of mass wasting in Bali and West Nusa Tenggara. rough: Heavy rainstorms saturate the soil, increasing its weight and encouraging landslides. Stratovolcanoes tend to become over-steepened over time, and reach a more stable state by flank collapse. Deforestation in Indonesia decreases slope stability and encourages landslides.

Wiser land-use practices, such as reducing deforestation, can prevent slope weakening in certain circumstances.

Careful consideration of future planned infrastructure can prevent new construction from weakening surrounding slopes.

Storms
Storms Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis quam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.

Climate change
Climate Nam aliquam, justo quis sodales bibendum, orci odio egestas leo, ut tempor lacus velit eget risus. Sed efficitur risus leo, a laoreet mauris pellentesque sed. Sed nec velit congue, iaculis quam sed, consequat nisl. Pellentesque justo leo, tincidunt in diam eu, pulvinar blandit mi. Nullam rutrum odio felis, quis porttitor augue convallis nec. Aliquam id sapien accumsan, feugiat enim quis, tincidunt dui. Integer quis ultricies tortor. Sed id sagittis velit, a mollis massa. Phasellus auctor sem et pulvinar iaculis. Sed aliquam volutpat lorem et laoreet. Nulla odio nibh, molestie eu rutrum ut, euismod at diam. Duis vel nunc sit amet dui laoreet egestas vel non ipsum. In non blandit turpis. Praesent ultricies eros at leo interdum tristique. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nulla id eros non ligula tempus rutrum.