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The Mongols were a group of Nomadic peoples. Their conquests, which began in 1206, C.E., led to the establishment of the Mongol Empire. The Mongols eventually conquered almost all of Asia. The Mongols have been seen differently due to the way they impacted world history with their influence on other countries, and their important peoples. The Mongols influence on other countries, such as China, has changed views on the Mongol peoples. When their conquests began, China was at war with itself, allowing them to be easily conquered. However, although this may have been seen as a cruel thing to do, with China being essentially defenseless, it was the opposite. The Mongols brought order back to China. They did not try to convert the conquered peoples to their shamanistic ways, and even suggested religions such as Buddhism and Islam. The Mongols only asked that they gave a tribute to the empire. The Mongols further tried to aid the peasantry, through tax remissions, and by reorganizing the peasants. The laws and legal codes which were established by the Mongols in China were also more reasonable, and allowed for a more flexible adherence and interpretation. Supplies were transported throughout China’s major cities by systems set up by the Mongols. Under the rule of the Mongols, art was also flourishing. The Mongols brought over their native rituals to China. At the time, some of Chinas greatest artists, such as Zhou Mengfu were active. A written language was also established by the Mongols at this time. The Mongols may have always been thought as barbaric and ruthless, but these actions show otherwise. The Mongols helped China more than they hurt it, and brought order back to it. As well as how the Mongols as a whole influenced history, there were also key figures who were able to as well. During the Mongol empire, there were a few important people whose contributions and impact on world history have changed how the Mongols have been interpreted. Genghis Khan, a military leader and ruler of the empire, is one of them. Genghis Khan was one of the main reasons that the Mongol empire actually took shape and came to be what it was. He believed that it was his duty, as ordered by the gods, to unify the land, and he did exactly that. He brought almost all of Asia under his rule. However, he did not impose Mongol ways on those he conquered. He allowed for the conquered peoples to maintain their own cultures and religions, and only requesting a tribute. Khublai Khan was the ruler of China during the Yuan Dynasty. He kept Genghis’ belief of religious tolerance, and helped to set up government and order in China. Ögödei was able to expand the empire under his rule, and was also responsible for the establishment of a capital for the empire, and organizing a taxing system. Marco Polo was a European traveler who ventured to China during this time. He took accounts of Chinese life, society, and government, and his journeys throughout the empire. Overall, these Mongol figures had a positive influence on world history, contrary to accepted views on them. These figures can change the opinion on what the Mongols really were. The impact on world history by figures of the Mongol empire, and the Mongol’s influence on those they conquered, are able to change the interpretations on the society. Though many believe that what is commonly agreed on, that the Mongols were a barbaric people based on their actions and conquests, is true it is not. The Mongols sought to bring order and to unify Asia through their conquests, and allowed the conquered peoples to maintain their culture, never forcing their native ethics upon them. The Mongols were truly more than a civilization, and were a unifying peoples.

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The Mongol conquests were not without a reason. Although there is no exact agreement on the real cause, many have supported that ecological issues, trade issues, and Genghis Khan may be responsible for these conquests. At the time, resources were low, and were steadily diminishing. Along with the fact that China was interfering with Mongol trade, the Mongols were in need of supplies and land, leading to their conquests. Also, supposedly, Genghis Khan believed that it was his duty to bring the rest of the lands under the rule of his god Tengerri, and led the conquests to fulfill this duty. Aside from the factors which led to the conquests, there were also ones which led to it’s success. Loyal, captured peoples were incorporated into the military, strengthening it as it moved on. Also, Asia overall was not its best. China, at the time, was not unified. The divided sections were actually at war with one another. Both of these factors are believed to be the cause of the success of the Mongol conquests.

Although it is said that the Mongols brought devastation to China, they also brought positive influence, specifically in the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongols pushed support for peasants. They organized the peasants, gave tax remissions to the peasants, and brought business to them as well. The Mongols set up more ideal legal codes in china as well. The Mongols also set up systems to support China’s major cities. Religiously, the Mongols were extremely tolerant. They were even supportive of other religions, such as Buddhism and Islam. Chinese arts were also influenced by the Mongols during this time as well. The Mongols applied their rituals to Chinese culture, as well as their love of theater. Many individuals had influence on the development of the Mongol empire, and among these are Genghis Khan, Khubilai Khan, Ögödei, and Marco Polo. Genghis Khan was a Mongol leader who left a great impact upon the empire. He was very tolerant of other religions. He never imposed conversion on conquered peoples. He also developed a written language for the empire, recognized trade, and left a legal code for the empire. Among the influences of Khubilai Khan were his support for Buddhism and for the economy of the empire, and his establishment of a governing system in China. Ögödei expanded the empire, establishing it’s first capital, and a tax system during his reign. Marco Polo was able to write about various aspects of Mongol society, such as court life, the capital, government systems, and city life, and was also able to make account of his journeys throughout the empire. These figures all were ultimately contributors to the growth of the Mongol empire.

The success of the Mongols may be able to trace its roots back to the pastoral-nomadic days of its peoples. Since they constantly needed more supplies, the Mongols and their herds moved occasionally from place to place. The sheep were an important resource of the Mongols. The sheep provide essential supplies for the constantly moving peoples. Their wool provided clothing, their meat provided food, and their dung, fuel. Camels allowed for transportation of heavy loads, which was ideal for the motile way of life. The camels were a hardy animal, being able to survive the fierce heat of the desert. Horses were also a main source of transportation for the Mongols, and were part of their life at a very young age. These elements allowed these nomadic peoples to give rise to the great Mongol empire. _______________________________________________________________________ Nutrition of a plant.

Plants mostly obtain energy through photosynthesis. Energy from the sun’s light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of the plant’s cells. This energy is utilized in the breakdown of carbon dioxide taken in by the plant. When the light from the sun is absorbed by the plant, this is a light reaction. In the following stage, organic molecules are derived from absorbed CO2, through the use of energy released by ATP. This is a dark reaction. This is a diagram of the leaf of an angiosperm, which is used in the process of photosynthesis.

Regulation:

Plants, like you and me, undergo maintenance of its life processes. In order to obtain energy and to fulfill its needs, a plant may undergo regulatory processes corresponding to its situation. In order to obtain water, a plant may undergo hydrotropism. When effected by gravity, plants may undergo geotropism. When effected by a change in light source, phototropism may occur, and thigmotropism may occur when a plant makes contact with another object.

Transportation:

One way water is transported within plants is through transpiration pull. Water is evaborated in the cells in the mesophyll, and creastes tension along with pressure resulting in the movement of water. The movement of gases in and out of a plant occurs in it’s leaves, and is controlled by stomates.

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Does exercise before muscular-related activity affect muscle fatigue?

Hypothesis: If one exercises prior to activities, then there will be a more rapid onset of muscle fatigue.

Materials: · Clothespins (4) · Cell Phone (Stopwatch/timer)

Variables:

Independent- Exercise prior to activity (Squeezing clothespin).

Dependent- Amount of squeezes

Constant- Type of clothespin, people, time, conditions (Temperature, place, etc)

Procedure:

1. Have subjects perform jumping-jacks for one minute. 2. Immediately have subjects squeeze clothespin as many times as possible. 3. Collect data. 4. Repeat above three times, after waiting for two minutes between each trial. 5. Repeat steps 1-4, except the subjects do not exercise before squeezing.

Data Table

With Exercise __________ Trial 1: |146|139|148| Trial 2: |142|138|144| Trial 3: |140|135|141| Average: 126

No exercise __________             Trial 1: |162|158|163| Trial 2: |159|155|161| Trail 3: |156|152|154| Average: 158

Conclusion I have concluded that, as a result of my studies, subjects who do not exercise prior to squeezing the clothespin will have more squeezes. This may be because the muscles will have already started to build up muscle fatigue during exercise, thus resulting in a decreased performance. Also, the exercise would probably do more harm than good, if any, as jumping-jacks only work out arms and legs, not the fingers, which are used to squeeze the clothespin.

Suggestions for Improvement My results may have been influence by the ages of the subjects, and gender as well, along with the strength of each subject. If I were to repeat this experiment, I would most likely assemble a large group of test subjects, along with a greater number of trials. Also, I would try to make the group closer altogether in age, with the same amount of males and females.

Suggestions for Further Research For other experiments, topics could include different types of exercise’s effect on muscle fatigue, as well as gender’s effect as well. --- 1. Where is the setting in the beginning of the book?

A. Hiroshima B. Manzanar ©. Long Beach D. Pearl Harbor

2. Who wrote “shikata ga nai”?

(A). Papa B. Jeanne C. Mama D. Kiyo

3. What was the best-fitting reason that Jeanne’s family was beginning to fall apart in the camps?

A. The kids were making new friends, causing disconnect in the family. B. The family members had conflicting opinions on which meals were the best. C. Depression due to being away from papa and home. (D). The lack of privacy, cramped space, and living conditions caused stress.

4. Compared to before papa returned, camp life for the family became:

A. Dull and boring. B. Depressing and sullen. ©. More interesting and upbeat. D. No different.

5. Which event happened before the others?

(A). Papa is questioned at Fort Lincoln. B. Papa moves into the family’s barracks. C. Papa is accused of giving the Japanese oil. D. Papa threatens mama.

6. The best way to summarize papa’s opinion on the war would be

A. The U.S. is right, and Japan is wrong. (B). It is like a mother and father fighting, with no side right. C. The war is insignificant. D. Japan is right, and the U.S. is not.

7. What occurred on December 5, 1942?

A. The bombing of Pearl Harbor. (B). The December Riot. C. Jeanne and her family were taken to Boyle Heights. D. Fred Tayama is killed by rioters.

8. An indicator of the increasingly worsening conditions in the camps is A. The aggressiveness of the police. B. The death of the two Japanese. C. The need for protective axes. (D). The outbreak of riots.

9. Which has most likely improved life for Jeanne in the new camps?

A. Joining a band. B. The creation of schools in the camps. (C). More freedom within the camp. D. Papa has been drinking less.

10. You can infer that Jeanne feels detached from her parents because

A. She doesn’t care about her sister, who is getting attention. B. She hasn’t gotten much attention towards her schoolwork. C. Her parents haven’t talked to her recently. (D). She does not fully understand the situation.

11. What may have happened had the U.S. not dropped the atomic bombs?

(A). Japan wouldn’t have immediately surrendered, resulting in more deaths. B. Japan would have gone on to win the war. C. There would have eventually been a treaty between the U.S. and Japan. D. Nothing different.

12. What was the deeper effect the bomb may have had on Japan?

A. A decrease in Japan’s economy. B. Mutations and disorders in future children. C. Fear and uncertainty about what may happen in the years to come. (D). Both B and C.

13. How did papa prefer to leave Manzanar?

(A). In a nice car. B. In a train. C. By foot. D. In a bus.

14. When Jeanne’s family finally returns home, what do they find?

A. There is a new family living there. B. It has been leveled. C. It is just the same. (D). The furniture is gone.

15. In general, what effect has the events of the book had on Jeanne’s family?

A. The family has grown much farther apart. (B). The family has become closer. C. The family has ignored these events. D. The family has not changed much.

16. Compared to the beginning of the book, Jeanne has become

A. More aware of what being Japanese will mean for her life. B. More mature and tougher. ©. Both A and B. D. More afraid of life as a Japanese girl.

17. How does Manzanar connect to the “Beginning of Jeanne’s life”?

(A). It is where she believes she truly understood what life for her was. B. She was actually born there. C. She made life-long friends here. D. This was where the most memorable family moments began.

18. What is the underlying theme in Farewell To Manzanar?

A. “You can’t judge a book by it’s cover”. B. “Family helps to get through the toughest times“. C. “It cannot be helped”. D. “To find who you really are, you must experience yourself, and look deeper”. --- Erich Desmond                                                                                                           #2 Mrs. D’Aleo

Albert Einstein once said, “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.”. This quote means that a life should not be spent only making oneself happy, but also making others happy. Both community service and time with friends and family give meaning to this statement. Community service demonstrates that life should be spent making other people happy, and not just focusing on yourself. On a mission trip to Boston, MA, I was able to help out many children in a daycare as part of my service, and they had a really good time playing with me and my friends. I also worked at a pre-school where I moved furniture in and out of classrooms so the floors could be waxed. Since we did the work for free, we were able to lower the tuition for the year, which means I was able to have a impact on many families in the community, since it is a low-income area. Community service demonstrates that you should try to make an impact on other peoples lives, and not just make yourself happy. Time with friends and family demonstrates that life should be making other people happy, and not just focusing on yourself. When I am with my friends, I always have a lot of fun. I try and make them laugh whenever possible, and I always try and make them happy as well. When I am with my family, I always have a good time too. I love to make my cousins laugh, and I will always try to make the best out of a bad situation. Time with friends and family demonstrates that you should try to make an impact on other peoples lives, and not just make yourself happy. Albert Einstein once said, “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.”. This quote means that a life should not be spent only making oneself happy, but also making others happy. This quote has meaning to me, since I have been able to experience it. Maybe if more people lived by this quote, the world would be a better place. _______________________________________________________________________________

Erich Desmond

Mrs. Bucco My name is Erich Desmond, and I am 15 years old. My hobbies include golf, soccer, video games, biking, and reading. I am in the marching band, and I play percussion. This year I am playing bass drum. I am also in percussion in concert band. Last year I played golf on the JV golf team. My favorite Football team is the NY Jets, and my favorite Baseball team is the NY Mets. My favorite subject happens to be Science, and more specifically Astronomy. When I graduate, I would like to be an astronomer, since I find space to be really interesting and because there are so many things about the universe that we don’t know. ___________________________________________________

Francis Bacon once said “Guilt upon the conscience, like rust upon iron, both defiles and consumes it, gnawing and creeping into it, as that does which at last eats out the very heart and substance of the metal.”. This quote means that someone who has guilt and does not act on their feelings will eventually become overwhelmed by the weight of it, and the guilt will drive them crazy. This statement is true, since it holds true in life and in literature. The romance novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne supports this quote through use of theme and characterization. Theme in The Scarlet Letter supports the idea that feelings of guilt can destroy a person. One of the major themes in this novel is guilt. Hester Prynne was given the complete burden of the guilt of committing adultery during the sermon upon the scaffold, while Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, who was the one whom Hester committed adultery with, did not confess his sin. Hester was forced to wear a scarlet letter “A” as her punishment, and she is also shunned by the community. Dimmesdale eventually begins to feel the guilt of leaving Hester to deal with the shame alone, which causes him to fall ill and do odd things such as holding vigils, whipping himself, and imagining things. The effects of his guilty conscience culminate at the end of the novel, when he finally admits his sin to the community, and shortly thereafter dies. Characterization in The Scarlet Letter also shows how a guilty conscience can lead to an individuals destruction. As the burden of Arthur Dimmesdale’s guilt becomes greater, the description of his appearance changes dramatically, as does his personality. In the beginning of the novel, Dimmesdale is described as a young and healthy man. While he had committed adultery with Hester Prynne, he did not confess his sins alongside her upon the scaffold during the sermon, and him and Hester we the only ones who knew the truth. Since Hester received full punishment for both of their sins, he began to feel guilty, which caused him to become sick, with a deathly look on his face, and he began to act oddly, becoming somewhat paranoid. This complete change was mostly the result of the feelings of guilt that began to eat away at his mental and physical health, changing him into a completely different person.