User:Pineapplesuitcase/sandbox/Mandarin Analysis Page 1, pinyin style


 * 1 ü is written as u after j, q, or x (the phoneme never occurs in these positions)
 * 2 o is nowadays pronounced [wo] after b, p, m, or f.

More details about the individual vowel allophones are given in the following table.

As a general rule, vowels in open syllables (those which have no coda following the main vowel) are pronounced long, while others are pronounced short. This does not apply to weak syllables, in which all vowels are short.

Effect of coda on central vowels
In Standard Chinese, the vowels and  harmonize in backness with the coda. For, it is fronted before  and backed  before. For, it is fronted before  and backed  before.

Effect of tone on mid vowel
Some native Mandarin speakers may pronounce, , and as , , and  respectively in the first or second tone.