User:Pingalworld

PINGALWORLD Welcome to the Pingal satellite map! This place is situated in Dir, N.W.F.P., Pakistan, its geographical coordinates are 34° 40' 43" North, 71° 47' 30" East and its original name (with diacritics) is Pingal. See Pingal photos and images from satellite follow from google searengine, explore the aerial photographs of Pingal in Pakistan. Pingal map is available on the target satellite if u search their in google.

PINGAL VILLIGE

It situated in the focus of mountain like rock bottom. Mountains that have two major gateways to enter over here or bounce it. One entry (road that somebody who well enter there from the sites of timmergarra bagh dushkel) to this well-known and pretty place. And other entrance (that road which come from batkhela to transversely totakan, tawdachina and manky to cross the threshold over here in pingal) to cross the threshold in the precious. All of the location is have a nice insightful one splendor of nature. Most of the people of this area have a great knowledge about ordinary sources of agricultural. According to the modern illustration of overwhelming and utmost technology and up-to-the-minute our region is now going on and also enters to the contemporary of one the best. Most probably 80 percent of the region is well informed. And also the environmental status of the site is been highly immense and satisfied state, so the notwithstanding of the tolerate of SWAT valley and the evacuation of the public and the economics inflation of the worldwide greatly impact in the region but the utmost liaison of the people in the business level is overall dominate the state of affairs in the every aspect of life.

EDUCATION LEVEL IN THE KHYBER PUKHTOONKHWA

Education is Key to Development. A country cannot develop economically unless her literacy rate is accelerated. This is one of the important factors regarding being less developed in the world. Pakistan is one of the countries in the world, which invest 2.3 % of the G.N.P in education sector with vast human resources base with abundance of talents. Efforts had been made and are ongoing to boost up literacy rate to capitalize the human resources through the economic tools of efficiency of labour to make break through in the vicious circle of poverty.

Information regarding literacy ratios in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with comparison to other Provinces has been included.

It is assessed that the educational coverage presented in this chapter is in-sufficient to provide a broad based bench mark statistics, required for planning purposes which revolves around targets envisaged for universal literacy of 5-9 years population by the turn of the century. The set of statistics relating to evaluation of Developmental targets can only be attained when all enrolment through private, public, corporate, Federal Govt: and Provincial institutions plus all these pockets being utilized to disseminate literacy are covered.

Analytical Report on Education Sector

As usual data on three main subjects namely Number of Educational Institutions, enrolled population therein and their teaching strength have been presented for the last three years. Looking at data, it is seen that Number of all type Primary Schools has increased from 22183 in 2005-06 to 22466 in 2007-08. Boys schools experienced 0.83 % increase in 2007-08 over 2005-06, while girls have increased by 2.14 % during the same period. Mosque schools offering 1-5 classes are on the small increase. Here almost all the two variables i.e. Number and Teaching Staff Enrolment have gained slight increase. Number of Mosque Schools, which were 2644 in 2005-06, increased to 2789 in 2007-08, and enrolment in these schools increased from 117014 in 2005-06 to 146048 in 2007-08, while number of teaching staff has increased from 3044 in 2005-06 to 3280 in 2007-08.

There are 2510 Middle Schools in the Province, 1532 for Boys and 978 for Girls in 2007-08. In 2005-06 there were 2416 Middle Schools. Enrolled population in Middle Schools have  increased from 604060 in 2005-06 to 622317 in 2007-08 (about 3.19 %). The Number of Teaching Staff in Middle Schools has decreased from 15054 in 2005-06 to 15397 in 2007-08.

As far as High and Higher Secondary Schools are concerned, their Number, Enrolment & Teaching Staff are increasing. Number of High Schools increased from 1379 in 2005-06 to 1618 in 2007-08. Boys High Schools, which were 1069 in 2005-06, has increased to 1173; while Girls High Schools increased from 310 in 2005-06 to 445 in 2007-08. Number of Higher Secondary Schools has increased from 238 in 2005-06 to 272 in 2007-08.

There is no one Inter, 119degree and 14 Post Graduate Colleges in the Province in 2007-08. At the moment, there is no Inter College for girls as well as for boys; however, degree colleges for girls have been increased from 77 for boys in 2007-08. Enrolment and teaching staff position in these colleges has improved to some extent.

As far as Number of Technical Educational Institutions in the Province is concerned, at the moment, there are 20 Polytechnic Institutions/ Colleges of Technology, 19 Colleges of Management Sciences (GCMS) and 37 Technical and Vocational Centres in the Province.

Population IN THE PROVINCE

Population and Development are interrelated. Demographic patterns and population control and welfare measures may be integrated into comprehensive social and economic plans and programmes. There integration should be reflected in the goals instrumentalities. Development objectives and strategies to be followed in the National planning areas. A brief description of generation of demographic data is as follows:

Population Censuses

Since independence of this country, five Population Censuses have been conducted. First decennial Population Census of Pakistan was conducted during the period from 9th to 28th February 1951, the second from 12th to 31st, January 1961, the third from 16th to 30th September 1972, the fourth from 1st March to 15th March 1981 and the fifth from 2nd March to 18 March 1998. Inter censal period have been taken as 10 years, 11.62 years, 8.46 years, between 1951 and 1961 Censuses, 1961 and 1972 Censuses and 1972 to 1981 Censuses respectively. The fifth decennial Census was conducted after a lapse of 17 years.

The fifth decennial Population Census was preceded by a full-fledged Housing Census. The Census figures covered the Population, residing in Pakistan on 1st March 1998 excluding the Afghan Refugees living in Camps.

The NWFP Population as per Pakistan Census Report is 17743645 and per NWFP Census Report is 17735912, which is contradictory on the part of Population Census Organization. However all the statistics in this publication are based on the NWFP Census Report 1998.

The NWFP Population constitutes 13.40% of the population of Pakistan as per 1998 Census as compared to 13.13% in 1981 Census. The Population of this Province has increased at an average Annual Growth Rate of 2.82% as compared to National Growth Rate of 2.69%.

   People and Tribes

“The force of Pathan character, the bravery of the Pathan solider, the shrewdness of Pathan assessments of political realism, once carried the forebears of this people to high positions of authority outside their own country…”

The Frontier is populated by a large variety of tribes, sub-tribes and clans, each with its own network of ties but unified by the collective of being called Path an or Pukhtun, imbued with the characteristic force of character, bravery and shrewdness. Over the years, however, the larger towns have become a mix of various other peoples from Afghanistan, Kashmir and the rest of Pakistan, just as many Pathans have migrated to, or work in, the larger towns of Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan.

The Pathan way of life still maintains the age-old, time-tested code of behaviour known as Pukhtun Wali. Honour, revenge and hospitality are the cardinal principles while the jirga, or tribal assembly, plays a potent part in the resolutionof issues according to riwaj or tradition. The practices of"Nikkat", "Lungj" and "Moajjab" are still strong, binding and regulatory. "Nikkat" means pedigree lineage and determination of privileges and liabilities in accordance with the recog¬nized tribal or sectional shares. The society is based on "naffa wa nuqsaan" or "benefits and losses". Under this system rights and obligations are equally shared by the tribes and sub-tribes. Tribal society is, thus, inter-linked through kin¬ship, cohesion and common causes.

The presentation of "Lungi" or "turban of honour" is an effec¬tive measure to control and acknowledge tribal elders. These Lungi-holders along with the Maliks or chiefs provide the socio-political power structure of the tribal society. The sys¬tem of Lungi-holders was introduced by the British to acknowledge services rendered to the Government, in emu¬lation of the khilat, robe of honour, bestowed by Mughal emperors. The Lungi-holders worked as important links between the administration and the tribes. The Maliki system is hereditary and devolves on the son with regular benefits. The Lungi system is slightly lower in importance than the Maliki.

A tribe, by and large, lives together in a compact area usually called qillay, or is scattered and lives in an extended joint-family system. Some tribes, such as the Wazir, live in cluster of houses within one boundary wall called kat. In tra¬ditional establishments, male members have a separate mosque and sitting place called a hujra.

Among the smaller distinct ethnic groups are the Kalash and the Wakhi people. The latter are spread over the Wakhan Corridor in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and China. Ismaili Shiite Muslims by faith, they are found in the Yarkhun Valley in the north of the Province. Nomadic, they make extensive use of horses and yaks as beasts of burden. Some Wakhis live above the winter snow-line, well above the tree-line, and send their livestock to lower pastures in winter. Wakhis liv¬ing at high elevations, burn heather, emergent vegetation from wetlands and peat for fuel. They also use peat, moss and stone to construct their houses.

Religious influences have been pervasive and permanent in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Following the spread of Islam by the Sufis and scholars, charismatic personalities emerged to exercise spiritual and temporal influence on the minds and the lives of the inhabitants. During the time of Mirza Kamran, and of Mirza Hakim after him, there arose in the mid-sixteenth century two leaders. One, Sayyid Ali Shah of Tarmez still known to countless pilgrims as Pir Baba, was a Hanafi Sunni. The shrine of Pir Baba situated beside a mountain-stream in Buner remains a place of pilgrimage and the most hallowed shrine in all Frontier. The other, violently heretical, was Ba-yazid, or Bazid, Ansari, the founder of the Roshaniyya movement. He called himself Pir-i Roshan, the "Saint of Light", and was by his enemies parodied bitterly as Pir-i Tarik, the "Saint of Darkness". The orthodox still refer to his followers as Tarikis.

One of the most remarkable Pathan to emerge from the pages of history was Sher Shah, of the Suri tribe. He dominated South Asia with his extraordinary administra¬tive qualities and a visionary approach to all things practical. Born as Farid Khan in the southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, around Tank, he became known as Sher Khan when he killed a lion. A man of adventure and courage he exhibited military prowess in Bihar and Bengal initially. When Emperor Humayun was on the run during the battle with his brothers for the crown of the fledgling Mughal empire, Sher Khan seized the empire, and styled himself as Sher Shah. One of the most progressive of all South Asian rulers his initiatives were to have immediate benefits as well as spawn divi¬dends for succeeding rulers. He constructed the legendry Great Trunk Road that fig¬ures in Rudyard Kipling's stories, especially his novel Kim. This several thousand¬mile long artery, from Peshawar to Lahore to Calcutta, with a branch from Lahore to Multan, was lined with shady trees and provided water-wells and caravanserais at regular intervals. These were reinforced with an efficient pony-post service and effective security network. Thus the safety of merchants and travellers across the length and breadth of the empire was ensured. He re-organized the management of land and the revenue collection system. The standardized metal chain, the jarib, he introduced was used by the Mughals, the Sikhs and the British. To this day the patawaris, the petty land-revenue officials, all over Pakistan and India use this con¬venient device. His reforms resulted in greater mercantile activity and filled the coffers of the imperial treasury.

Sheikh Malee preceded Khushhal Khan Khattak by a century or two, and is credited with achievement in different fields. The fertile lands of Swat had been a source of tedious own¬ership disputes. He laid down principles and settled them accordingly. Although the original record of land, Daftar-i Sheikh Malee, has been lost, adherence to his principles per¬sists to this day not only in matters of division of land and water rights but for his words of wisdom. Khushhal Khan mentions the esteem in which Sheikh Malee was held.

Another extraordinary Path an was Ahmad Khan Abdali who ruled over all of present Afghanistan, the Frontier Province and the tribal belt. He led the Pathans to defeat the Marhattas at the Battle of Panipat in t 76 t, restored the Dehli throne to the Mughal king and extended his hold beyond Attock to Lahore and Kashmir.

The realization of the Pathan ethos led to an impetus in all sectors of life. Three personalities tower above all others during the British period. Harold Deane, George Roos Keppel and Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum. All three left an enduring" legacy. Harold Deane (d. 1908) as young Assistant Commissioner had made his mark in the Yusafzai sub-divi¬sion of the Peshawar district, where he commanded the respect and affection of the Yusufzais through his courage and fortitude. He went on to play an important role in the creation of Malakand Agency. As the first Chief Commissioner of the new Province, Deane was able to uti¬lize the goodwill he had created to broader ends. He is remembered for reversing the old policy of punitive expedi¬tions, by military forces against tribes, which involved indis¬criminate burning of villages and crops.

Roos-Keppel who started his career in a British regiment, was a man of strong character, served in Kurram and Khyber as Political Agent and commanded the militia. An accom¬plished linguist, he spoke Pashto fluently. His frequent inter action with the populace through tours and jirgas and durbars contributed to enhancing the Pathan sense of unity and common cause. He was, according to Caroe, "A Pathan among Pathans." With Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum he laid the foundation of the Islamia College, Peshawar, an enduring tribute of their foresight and wisdom. Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum (d. t 937) became the Province's first Minister in 1932. Along with Muhammad Akbar Khan of Hoti, another leading citizen of the Province, he was nominated to the Central Legislature at Dehli. He was also member of the Round Table Conference in London and is revered for his services to education and civil society. Sahibzada Abdul Qaiyum "became the chief architect of that synthesis of Pathan with British practice which enabled a foundation to be laid for the political edifice within which the Frontier took its place as bastion of West Pakistan."The influence exerted by Islamia College was especially significant because it prompted the Pathans to look beyond their narrow tribal concerns to the greater future of the Pathan community. It also laid the foundation of responsible government and was instrumental in propelling the Muslim League in this region when the movement for freedom began under the dynamic Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Quaid-i Azam visited the Islamia College thrice and not surprisingly willed his assets to three educational institutions, one of which was the Islamia College, Peshawar.

In the annals of bravery sepoy Ali Haider (1913- 1999), who was born in the Shahu Khel village of Kohat, ranks high. Of the 13th Frontier Force Rifles, he won the Victoria Cross at the age of thirty-one during World War II. Despite being wounded and under heavy machine-gun fire, he crossed the Senio River near Fusignano in Italy, put the enemy's machine-gun out of action and two strong-points out of order, wounded two enemy troops, caused the surrender of the rest and enabled his Company to cross the river and establish a bridgehead.

Another Pathan to win the highest award for gallantry, on a different front in a later time, was Captain Kamal Sher Khan Shaheed. He was awarded Pakistan's highest medal for bravery, the Nishan-i Haiderj"The Mark of the Lion", posthumously. He is the only one to be conferred this honour from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During the Kargil con¬flict on the Line of Control (LoC), he set personal examples of courage while inflict¬ing heavy losses on the enemy. He defended the five strategic posts, at the height of some 17,000 feet at Gultary, and repulsed numerous Indian attacks. After many abortive attempts, the enemy on July 5 ringed the post of Capt. Kamal Sher Khan with the help of two battalions and unleashed heavy mortar fire. Despite all odds, he led a counter-attack but he was hit by machine-gun fire and embraced Shahadat/martyrdom. The Frontier has produced a long list of personalities eminent in the political field.Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (b. 1882) popularly known as Dr. Khan Sahib, the elder brother of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, trained as a medical doctor and joined the British Indian army. However, when Ghaffar Khan started the struggle against the British, Dr. Khan Sahib resigned and became active in politics. He started his own political party, Afghan Islahi Jirga j "Afghan Reforms Committee" in 1917 and renamed it Tahrik-i Khudai Khidmatgar I "Movement of God's Servants" in the 1920' s. In 1930 he joined the Indian National Congress. After Independence Dr. Khan Sahib became the Chief Minister of NWFP under President Sikandar Mirza. He died tragically at the hands of an assassin in 1957. Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988), popularly known as the "Frontier Gandhi", was a most colourful pre-Partition politician. A personal friend of Mr. Gandhi and Mr. Jawahar Lal Nehru, he wore homespun clothes in emulation of his mentor. He fired the imagination of the tribals and the city-dwellers with his candid speeches and endeared himself to them with his rough and ready manner. Committed to the Indian National Congress, he was instrumental in creating pro-Congress goodwill which was effectively challenged by the rising Muslim League resulting in the referendum in favour of Pakistan. Ghaffar Khan continued to be venerated as a fearless Pathan nationalist till his death several decades after Independence.

Even before Pakistan, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan (1901-1981) was an active mem¬ber of the Central Legislative Assembly representing the Congress Party of NWFP.

Born in Chitral of Kashmiri parents, he was called to the Bar in England in 1926 and returned to participate in the struggle for freedom. Disillusioned by the Congress politics, he joined the Muslim League in 1946 and succeeded Dr. Khan Sahib as Chief Minister of NWFP after Partition. Twice Chief Minister of NWFP, he initiated important development works such as the Warsak Dam and the Kurram Khari Dam at Bannu. He established the Peshawar University, the third after the Universities of Punjab and Sindh. He served as the Minister for Industries in the Central Government during 1953-54 and was elected to the National Assembly in the elec¬tion of 1970. His lasting contributions are the land reforms in favour of the poor and the spread of education.

Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar (1899-1958) was one of those personalities who played an important role before, as well as after Independence. He organized the people of the Frontier for the Muslim League's cause of Pakistan and later became the first Pakistani Governor of the Punjab Province. Born at Peshawar he graduated from Edwardes College, read for a Law degree at Aligarh University and as a practising lawyer became active in politics. He met the Quaid-i Azam when he visited Peshawar in the late 1930's. He won a seat in the elections of 1936-37 to the Provincial Legislative Assembly for the Muslim League. When the interim govern¬ ment was set up in 1946 under Jawahar Lal Nehru, Nishtar, as Minister of Communications, was one of the five Muslim Ministers. An accomplished man, a poet of Urdu and Persian, Nishtar has the distinction of being buried in the precinct of the mausoleum of the Father of the Nation in the former capital of the country, Karachi. .

The first military ruler to dominated Pakistan and set the tradition of military inter¬vention in politics, was Muhammad Ayub Khan. Born in the village of Rehana in the Haripur district, he joined the British Indian army as an officer in 1928 and trained at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in England. He was the first Pakistani Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army and became the Defence Minister of Pakistan in 1954. When martial law was imposed by President Sikander Mirza in October 1958, Ayub Khan was appointed the Chief Martial Law Administrator. It was not long before, after a bloodless coup, Sikander Mirza was ousted and exiled. Ayub Khan became the President. From a General he elevated himself to Field Marshal. He contested general elections against Ms. Fatima Jinnah, the sister of the Quaid-i Azam, and won with an unconvincing majority. He introduced the idea of "Basic Democracy" which died with his removal from office. Ayub Khan's eleven years were a period of great economic and material progress. Much needed land reforms were car¬ried out to benefit the landless and small farmers, to take the country out of the feudal system. Industrial base was laid to augment the predominantly agro-based economy. New mega-infrastructural projects like the Mangla Dam and the new capital Islamabad were started. The concept of the "Five-Year Plans" was successfully implemented. Banking and financial institutions thrived. Justifiably the "Decade of Progress" was celebrated.

The spirited defence in September 1965, following the attack by the Indian armed forces, was perhaps his finest hour. His speech galvanized the two wings of the nation to meet the challenge of a far larger, Soviet-supported, invading enemy. The civilian and military cooperation during those few critical weeks was unprecedented. Never since, in subsequent moments of crises, has it been even remotely equalled. The Treaty of Tashkent with India and the unrest in East Pakistan led to his undoing. His political acumen was seriously chal¬lenged by his nemesis, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who played Macbeth to his Duncan.

General Yahya Khan succeeded Ayub Khan, first as Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army and then as President. He was a Pathan of the Qizalbash tribe and was born in Peshawar. His only redeeming feature was the hold¬ing of the first and fairest general election in Pakistan. This initiative spawned forces which he could, but did not, con¬trol. Unused to political ways and byways, he blundered. ,As a key player during the late sixties and early seventies, the sound and fury of the times led him to watch a disastrous civil war and preside over a historic catastrophe. Pakistan, a country that millions in both wings had sacrificed to realise, was truncated. And an independent Bangladesh emerged from the smoke and ashes of East Pakistan.

Ghulam Ishaq Khan (d. 2006) will be remembered in history and the annals of administration as a glowing example of bureaucratic professionalism. His slow and steady rise from a lowly position in the revenue department to become the President of Pakistan speaks volumes for his scion of the Bangash tribe settled in the village of Ismail Khel near Bannu. His tenacity, intelligence, political savvy and becoming discretion held him in good stead. He remained bursar of the Islamia College Peshawar and was selected by Abdul Qayyum Khan, Chief Minister of NWFP, as his principal secretary after Independence. A dependable bureaucrat, he was appointed Chairman of the country's Water and Power Development Authority (Wapda) and Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan. He served as federal secretary of several ministries. Chairman of the Senate when General Zia-ul Haq was killed in an air-crash, he took over as a President of Pakistan and was confirmed in that office by the first woman Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto. However, differences surfaced regarding good governance and the Bhutto Government was dismissed and fresh elections held. The government under the next Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif was also dismissed but subsequent events led to the resignation of both Prime Minister and President. During the years of his Presidency, he founded an institute named after himself, at Topi in Swabi district. The Ghulam Ishaq Khan (GIK) Institute of Technology is a centre of excellence and has brought a remote area into the educational mainstream.

Climate

The climate of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, most of the many climate types found in Pakistan.

North Region (Chitral District)

The north, comprising Chitral District, has a typically continental steppe climate, with average annual precipitation ranging from 100mm per year in the far north to 23 inches in Drosh in the south. Most of this precipitation from frontal cloud bands during the winter has heavy thunderstorms in the spring. Chitral's average 16.5 inches of rainfall per year, 350 mm falls from December to May. At high elevations in the Hindukush, snowfall can be much heavier than this and consequently large glaciers are a prominent feature of the landscape. Snow also cuts off even Chitral town from the outside world for most of the year. Temperatures in the valleys vary from 30 °C (86 °F) in July to as low as 0 °C (32 °F) in January.

South Region (Dir, Swat and Hazara)

In south, in the districts of Dir, Swat and Hazara Division, the climate becomes more typical of the Indian subcontinent, although a considerable proportion of the annual precipitation still comes from frontal cloud bands during the winter months.

The combination of a short but powerful summer monsoon with frequent winter cloud bands gives a bimodal rainfall regime in central parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Dir and Hazara districts are some of the wettest places in Pakistan: annual rainfall at Dir averages 58 inches, of which 400 mm falls during the summer monsoon from July to September and twice that amount during the winter rainy season from December to April. At Abbottabad further east, the annual rainfall averages about 47 inches, but as much as 25 inches falls during the south-west monsoon. In Swat, rather more sheltered, the annual rainfall averages around 33 inches, with about 17 inches expected between June and September.

A similar climate to that of Dir, though drier, prevails in a small area around Parachinar in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

In all areas October and November are the driest months with rainfalls generally under 30 mm per month except in the most exposed areas.

Temperatures in this region are somewhat warmer than in Chitral, and even at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) in Abbottabad the heat and humidity can be oppressive during the monsoon season. In winter, most of Swat receives significant snowfall, but in Hazara temperatures usually are around 41 °F.

Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This region, south of the Himalaya/Hindukush foothills, has the typically hot and dry climate of much of Pakistan. Temperatures in summer are quite oppressively hot, and in the south around Mardan temperatures of 45 °C (113 °F) are not uncommon, whilst in Peshawar 40 °C (104 °F) is par for the course in summer. In winter, however, this region is both warmer and generally drier than the rest of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with temperatures being around 17 °C (62 °F) in Peshawar and over 20 °C (68 °F) in the extreme south of the province. Nights, however, can still be quite cold during the winter. Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa experiences little (and very erratic) monsoonal rain, with Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan both averaging around 4.5 inches of rain in July and August and almost nothing in June or September. Moreover, in many years no summer rain of significance occurs. In winter, rainfall usually peaks in March but Peshawar averages less than 10 inches between December and May and Dera Ismail Khan less than 4.5 inches. On certain mountain slopes such as around Kohat, winter rainfall may predominate, though this is unpredictable.