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Anonymous (Mathetes) (c. 130). Epistle to Diognetus
Christians are hated for rejecting idols. Yet no man has seen God, but He has manifested Himself through faith, and only faith can see God:


 * Source: Anonymous (Mathetes) (c. 130). Ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς Διόγνητον [English: Epistle to Diognetus; Latin: Epistola ad Diognetum] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Πρὸς Διόγνητον Ἐπιστολή; The Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus; Epistula ad Diognetum.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 2; 8; 11.
 * Dating: c. 130 A.D. according to ANF 1:23. Date of composition uncertain, assigned to the 2nd century.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1886). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 2. Columns: 1168C-1172A (2), 1177C-1180A (8), 1184A-1184C (11).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1887). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 1. Translated by Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James. Pages: 25-26 (2), 28-29 (8; 11).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 2240 (3.2.2.4.5.2240), 2271 (3.2.2.5.1.2271), 2796 (4.2.2.4.2796).

Barnabas (c. 131). Epistle of Barnabas
The bronze serpent of Moses was made contrary to the anti-idolatry law in order to reveal a type of Jesus. The only temple to be made for God is not a building but the believer himself:


 * Source: Barnabas (c. 131). Επιστολή Βαρνάβα [English: The Epistle of Barnabas; Latin: Epistula Barnabae] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Επιστολή Καθολική [English: Catholic Epistle of Barnabas; Latin: Epistola Catholica] (in Greek).
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters 12; 16.
 * Dating: c. 131 A.D. based on Ladeuze, Paulin. "Epistle of Barnabas." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 100 A.D. according to ANF 1:133.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1886). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 2. Columns: 760-764 (12), 772-776 (16).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1887). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 1. Translated by Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James. Pages: 144-145 (12), 147 (16).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 1905 (3.1.2.2.2.1905).

Justin Martyr (c. 155). The First Apology
Images insult God's ineffable glory. Christians are called atheists as they don't worship their God using material objects:


 * Source: Justin Martyr (c. 155). Απολογία πρώτη υπέρ Χριστιανών [English: The First Apology, Latin: Apologia prima pro Christianis] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 6, 9, 10, 13.
 * Dating: c. 155 A.D. based on chapters 1. and 29. (Lucius Munacius Felix being the governor of Roman Egypt 149 – 154 A.D. and Antoninus Pius reigning till 161 A.D.).
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 6. Columns: 336C−337A, 340A−341B, 345B−348A.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1887). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 1. Translated by Dods, Marcus. Pages: 164−167.
 * Quoted in the CCC: 1216 (2.2.1.1.1.1216), 1345 (2.2.1.3.4.1345), 1351 (2.2.1.3.4.1351), 1355 (2.2.1.3.4.1355), 2174 (3.2.1.3.2.2174)

Justin Martyr (c. 161). Dialogue with Trypho
Heretics are like some Gentiles who inscribe the name of God on their statues. Christ appeared to numerous prophets in human-like form before His incarnation. Some Jewish Rabbis believed that God had a human-like form and so He personally appeared to the prophets. Creating religious images is forbidden and so the only explanation for the bronze serpent of Moses is to signify the crucifiction of Christ:


 * Source: Justin Martyr (c. 161). Πρὸς Τρύφωνα Ἰουδαῖον Διάλογος [English: Dialogue with Trypho, a Jew, Latin: Dialogus cum Tryphone Judaeo] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 35; 56; 58-61; 75; 86; 94; 112-114; 126-128.
 * Dating: c. 161 ±6 A.D. based on Allert, Craig D. (2002). Revelation, Truth, Canon, and Interpretation: Studies in Justin Martyr's Dialogue With Trypho, p. 34.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 6. Columns: 549B-553A (35), 596C-616C (56; 58-61), 652A-652C (75), 680B-681C (86), 700A-701B (94), 733A-740C (112-114), 768C-776C (126-128).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1887). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 1. Translated by Reith, George. Pages: 212 (35), 223-228 (56; 58-61), 236-237 (75), 242 (86), 246-247 (94), 254-256 (112-114), 262-264 (126-128).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 498 (1.2.2.3.2.2.498), 2085 (3.2.1.1.1.2085).

Athenagoras of Athens (c. 177). A Plea for the Christians
Christians are accused of atheism as they don't give glory to any material image. Pagans claim they don't serve idols, but gods they represent:


 * Source: Athenagoras of Athens (c. 177). Πρεσβεία περὶ Χριστιανῶν [English: A Plea for the Christians, Latin: Legatio pro Christianis] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Apology; Embassy for the Christians; Αpologia pro Christianis.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 4, 13, 15, 18.
 * Dating: 176/177 A.D. based on Peterson, John Bertram. "Athenagoras." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907..
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 6. Columns: 897A−900A, 916A−916C, 920A−920C, 925A−928B.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 2. Translated by Pratten, B. P. Pages: 130−137.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 182). Against Heresies
Heretics used images in their worship and honoured images of Christ, which was a pagan practice. Old Testament prophets saw God in visions, but not God Himself, only the likeness of His glory. Though God the Father is invisible yet His only-begotten appeared to men, but not in one figure, nor in one character. His Son also spoke in human shape to Abraham and Moses:


 * Source: Irenaeus of Lyons (c. 182). Κατὰ αἱρέσεων [English: Against Heresies, Latin: Adversus haereses] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: A Refutation and Subversion of Knowledge falsely so called.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 1, chapter 23, sections 1, 4.
 * Book 1, chapter 24, section 5.
 * Book 1, chapter 25, section 6.
 * Book 4, chapter 7, section 4.
 * Book 4, chapter 20, sections 10−11.
 * Dating: c. 182 ±7 A.D. on the basis of Against Heresies 3.3.3 (Eleutherus being the bishop of Rome).
 * Greek text: unavailable.
 * Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 7:1. Columns: 670B−671B, 672C−673A, 678A−678B, 685B−686A, 992B−993A (4.7.4), 1038C−1041C (4.20.10−11).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1887). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 1. Translated by Roberts, Alexander; Rambaut, William. Pages: 347−348, 350, 351, 470 (4.7.4), 490−492 (4.20.10−11).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 53 (1.1.2.1.1.53), 77 (1.1.2.2.1.77), 173−175 (1.1.3.2.3.173−175), 292 (1.2.1.1.4.2.292), 294 (1.2.1.1.4.3.294), 438 (1.2.2.2.2.438), 460 (1.2.2.3.1.1.460), 494 (1.2.2.3.2.2.494), 797 (1.2.3.9.2.3.797), 834 (1.2.3.9.3.3.834), 1000 (1.2.3.11.1.1000), 1047 (1.2.3.12.6.1047), 1327 (2.2.1.3.1.1327), 1350 (2.2.1.3.4.1350), 1722 (3.1.1.2.3.1722), 1730 (3.1.1.3.1730), 1964 (3.1.3.1.2.1964), 2063 (3.2.2063), 2070 (3.2.2070).

Theophilus of Antioch (c. 184). Apology to Autolycus
Christians cannot show images of their God to pagans, because He is invisible to mortal eyes. They also refuse to worship kings and the dead:


 * Source: Theophilus of Antioch (c. 184). Προς Αυτόλυκον [English: To Autolycus, Latin: Ad Autolycum] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Apologia ad Autolycum [English: Apology to Autolycus]; Liber de Temporibus ad Autolycum.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 1, chapters: 1-3; 5; 7; 9-11.
 * Dating: 184 ±4 A.D. Based on To Autolycus 3.27 mentioning the full length of reign, 19 years and 10 days, of Marcus Aurelius, "Emperor Verus", as the last Roman ruler in Theophilus' chronology - Marcus Aurelius died on 17 March 180. Theophilus is said to have died either in 181 A.D. or in 188 A.D. (ANF 2:88).
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 6. Columns: 1024B−1041B.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 2. Translated by Dods, Marcus. Pages: 89−92.
 * Quoted in the CCC: 296 (1.2.1.1.4.4.296).

Clement of Alexandria (c. 196). The Protrepticus
Christians possess no material images, their only image of God is in the mind and living in them:


 * Source: Clement of Alexandria (c. 196). Προτρεπτικὸς πρὸς Ἕλληνας [English: Exhortation to the Greeks; Latin: Cohortatio ad Gentes] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: The Protrepticus; Exhortation to the Heathen; Hortatory Discourse to the Greeks.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapter 4.
 * Dating: c. 196 A.D. Dating uncertain, yet the "Exhortation" was published before Clement's Paedagogus and Stromata. See: ANF 2:168.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 8. Columns: 144C-145A, 157C.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 2. Translated by Wilson, William. Pages: 186, 189.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Tertullian (c. 197). Apology
Christians, just like Jews, have no visible object of worship:


 * Source: Tertullian (c. 197). Apologeticus [English: Apology] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Apologeticum; Apologeticus Adversus Gentes Pro Christianis.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 12-13, 16-17, 21.
 * Dating: c. 197 A.D. on the basis of Dulles, Avery (2005). A History of Apologetics, p. 51. See also: ANF 3:9.
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1878). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 1. Columns: 391A−402A, 419B−433B, 449A−463A.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1918). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 3. Translated by Thelwall, S. Pages: 28−36.
 * Quoted in the CCC: 760 (1.2.3.9.1.2.760), 852 (1.2.3.9.3.3.852), 2271 (3.2.2.5.1.2271).

Clement of Alexandria (c. 198). The Paedagogus
God is not to be represented in images or art:


 * Source: Clement of Alexandria (c. 198). Παιδαγωγός [English: The Instructor; Latin: Paedagogus] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 3, chapter 2.
 * Book 3, chapter 11.
 * Dating: c. 198 A.D. Dating uncertain, yet the Paedagogus was published after Clement's Protrepticus and before his Stromata. See: ANF 2:168.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 8. Columns: 572B-572C, 633A-633B.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 2. Translated by Wilson, William. Pages: 274, 285-286.
 * Quoted in the CCC: 760 (1.2.3.9.1.2.760), 813 (1.2.3.9.3.1.813).

Tertullian (c. 199). De Spectaculis
No homage is to be paid either to the dead or to their images:


 * Source: Tertullian (c. 199). De Spectaculis [English: On the Spectacles] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: The Shows.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 6, 10, 12.
 * Dating: c. 199 A.D. See Barnes, T. D. "Christians and the Theater" in Slater, William J. ed. (1996). Roman Theater and Society: E. Togo Salmon Papers I, p. 173.
 * Latin text: Reifferscheid, August; Wissowa, Georg eds. (1890). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 20. Pages: 8 (6), 11−13 (10), 14−15 (12).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1878). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 1. Columns: 712A-712B (6), 717B (10), 719B (12).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1918). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 3. Translated by Thelwall, S. Pages: 82 (6), 84 (10), 85 (12).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Clement of Alexandria (c. 200). The Stromata
Material images cannot be sacred and dishonour the Immaterial by sense:


 * Source: Clement of Alexandria (c. 200). Στρώματα [English: Stromata] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Miscellanies; Patchwork; Στρωματεῖς.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 5, chapter 5.
 * Book 7, chapter 5.
 * Dating: c. 200 A.D. See: ANF 2:168.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 9. Columns: 45C-56B (49B), 436B-440B (437A).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 2. Translated by Wilson, William. Pages: 450-452, 530-531.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Tertullian (c. 204). On Idolatry
The number of Christians compromising on idolatrous customs is growing and Moses' serpent is their excuse:


 * Source: Tertullian (c. 204). De Idolatria [English: On Idolatry] (in Latin).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters: 1, 3, 5, 7, 15.
 * Dating: c. 204 ±8 A.D. See: Dunn, Geoffrey D. (2004). Tertullian, p. 7.
 * Latin text: Reifferscheid, August; Wissowa, Georg eds. (1890). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 20. Pages: 30−36 (1; 3; 5; 7), 47−49 (15).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1878). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 1. Columns: 737B−739C, 740B−740D, 742B−744A, 744C−745B, 759B−762A.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1918). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 3. Translated by Thelwall, S. Pages: 61−64, 70−71.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Tertullian (c. 207). Against Marcion
Images related to worship are allowed only for ornamental or instrumental purposes. Old Testament saints were not depicted:


 * Source: Tertullian (c. 207). Adversus Marcionem [English: Against Marcion] (in Latin).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 2, chapter 22.
 * Book 4, chapter 22.
 * Dating: c. 207/8 A.D. on the basis of Against Marcion 1.15 (207 A.D. being the 15th year of Septimius Severus). See also: ANF 3:6,9.
 * Latin text: Kroymann, Emil, ed. (1906). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 47. Pages: 364−366 (2.22), 491−496 (4.22).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1878). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 2. Columns: 337A−338B (2.22), 442A−445D (4.22).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1918). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 3. Translated by Holmes, Peter. Pages: 314 (2.22), 382−385 (4.22).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 228 (1.2.1.1.1.228), 1951 (3.1.3.1.1951).

Tertullian (c. 213). Against Praxeas
Though the Son of God is invisible in His godhead, yet He was always seen in an imaginary form in visions by prophets even before He became flesh. His incarnation made Him only more clearly visible:


 * Source: Tertullian (c. 213). Adversus Praxean [English: Against Praxeas] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Adversus Praxeam.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapters 14−16.
 * Dating: c. 213 A.D. according to Evans, Ernest (2011). Tertullian's Treatise against Praxeas, p. 18 (after 208 A.D., based on ANF 3:597).
 * Latin text: Kroymann, Emil, ed. (1906). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 47. Pages: 250−258.
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1878). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 2. Columns: 194A-199C.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1918). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 3. Translated by Holmes, Peter. Pages: 609-612.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Hippolytus of Rome (c. 215). Refutation of All Heresies
Heretics (Carpocratians) produced images of Christ supposed to show his real looks:


 * Source: Hippolytus of Rome (c. 215). Φιλοσοφούμενα ή κατὰ πασῶν αἱρέσεων ἔλεγχος [English: Refutation of All Heresies, Latin: Refutatio Omnium Haeresium] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 7, chapter 20 (32 in Greek).
 * Dating: c. 215 ±20 A.D. (date of composition uncertain, died 235 A.D.).
 * Greek text: Miller, Emmanuel, ed. (1851). Origenis Philosophumena sive Omnium Haeresium Refutatio. Pages: 255−256.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1860). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 16:3. Columns: 3337A−3340C.
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1919). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 5. Translated by MacMahon, J. H. Pages: 113-114.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Origen of Alexandria (c. 230). De Principiis
There is nothing in Christ that is perceptible or identifiable by our senses, including sight:


 * Source: Origen of Alexandria (c. 230). Περὶ Ἀρχῶν [English: On First Principles, Latin: De Principiis] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: The First Principles.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 1, chapter 2, section 6.
 * Book 2, chapter 6, section 3.
 * Dating: c. 230 A.D., based on Eusebius' Church History 6.23-24 (De Principiis written before leaving Alexandria). See also ANF 4:227-228.
 * Greek text: unavailable.
 * Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 11. Columns: 134A-135B (1.2.6.), 211B-212B (2.6.3.).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 4. Translated by Crombie, Frederick. Pages: 247-248 (1.2.6.), 282 (2.6.3.).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Marcus Minucius Felix (c. 230). Octavius
Christians were accused of shameful or criminal worship, as they had no images and could not show their God. They also didn't worship the cross:


 * Source: Marcus Minucius Felix (c. 215). Octavius (in Latin).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Sections: 10; 29; 32.
 * Dating: c. 230 ±70 A.D. Date of composition uncertain, see: Lejay, Paul. "Minucius Felix." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.
 * Latin text: Halm, Karl, ed. (1867). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 2. Pages: 14 (10), 42−43 (29), 45−47 (32).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1844). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 3. Columns: 263A−266A (10), 331A−332B (29), 338A−341B (32).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 4. Translated by Wallis, Robert Ernest. Pages: 178 (10), 191 (29), 193 (32).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Cyprian of Carthage (c. 247). On the Vanity of Idols
Idols are likenesses of the dead. Christian God cannot be seen. Christian God is Christ:


 * Source: Cyprian of Carthage (c. 247). De Idolorum Vanitate [English: On the Vanity of Idols] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Treatise 6; Quod idola dii non sint; De Vanitate Idolorum.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Sections: 1, 6, 9, 11.
 * Dating: c. 247 A.D. on the basis of ANF 5:465.
 * Latin text: Hartel, Wilhelm von, ed. (1868). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 3/1. Pages: 19 (1), 23−24 (6), 26−27 (9), 28 (11).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1844). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 4. Columns: 564D−566A (1), 573A−574A (3), 576B−577A (6), 578A−579A (9).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1919). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 5. Translated by Wallis, Ernest. Pages: 465−68.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Origen of Alexandria (c. 248). Against Celsus
Christians are accused of being a secret society, because, unlike all other people, they don't erect statues. An image cannot even symbolize a divinity. Christians believe that a visible symbol of deity doesn't in any way help in prayer. Christ does not continue in the form of flesh and we should not think of Him anymore according to the flesh. He, just as His Father, can only be seen with the heart:


 * Source: Origen of Alexandria (c. 248). Κατὰ Κέλσου [English: Against Celsus, Latin: Contra Celsum] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 3, chapter 15.
 * Book 3, chapter 34.
 * Book 6, chapter 14.
 * Book 6, chapters 66-69.
 * Book 7, chapter 44.
 * Book 7, chapter 62.
 * Book 8, chapters 17-20.
 * Dating: c. 248 A.D., based on Origen (1965). Contra Celsum. Translated by Henry Chadwick, pp. xiv−xv.
 * Greek text:
 * Book 3: Origen (1899). Koetschau, Paul, ed. Origenes Werke. Vol. 1. Pages: 214 (3.15), 230−231 (3.34)
 * Books 6−8: Origen (1899). Koetschau, Paul, ed. Origenes Werke. Vol. 2. Pages: 84−85 (6.14), 136−139 (6.66−6.69), 194−196 (7.44), 211−212 (7.62), 234−238 (8.17−20)
 * Greek text (alternative) & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 11. Columns: 937B−939A (3.15), 964A−964C (3.34), 1309D−1312B (6.14), 1397C−1404B (6.66−69), 1484C−1485B (7.44), 1508C−1509B (7.62), 1539C−1549A (8.17−20)
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1913). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 4. Translated by Cairns, W. H.; Crombie, Frederick. Pages: 470 (3.15), 477−478 (3.34), 579 (6.14), 603−605 (6.66−6.69), 628−629 (7.44), 635−636 (7.62), 645−647 (8.17−20).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 498 (1.2.2.3.2.2.498), 2114 (3.2.1.1.3.2114).

Arnobius of Sicca (c. 300). Against the Pagans
Christians are charged with impiety, as they don't set up images. Images cannot reflect any divine form:


 * Source: Arnobius of Sicca (c. 300). Adversus Nationes [English: Against the Pagans] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Adversus Gentes.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 6, sections 1, 9.
 * Book 7, section 35.
 * Dating: 297 or 303 A.D., based on Against the Pagans 2.71 (1050 years having passed since the foundation of Rome). See also: ANF 4:407. Though judging by Against the Pagans 4.36 (the destruction of churches and the sacred books) it must have been written during the persecution of 304−310 A.D., i.e. c. 307 ±3 A.D.
 * Latin text: Reifferscheid, August, ed. (1875). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 4. Pages: 214 (6.1), 220−221 (6.9), 268−269 (7.35).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1844). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 5. Columns: 1162B−1162C (6.1), 1180A−1181A (6.9), 1270B−1272A (7.35).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1888). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 6. Translated by Bryce, Hamilton; Campbell, Hugh. Pages: 506 (6.1), 509−510 (6.9), 532 (7.35).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Synod of Elvira (c. 306)
Christians prohibit the use of icons and other paintings in the church:


 * Source: Synod of Elvira (c. 306). Canons.
 * Alternative titles: Concilium eliberritanum; Council of Elvira. Canons.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Canon 36.
 * Dating: c. 306 (300−324) A.D. See: Barnes, Arthur. "Council of Elvira." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909..
 * Latin text: Vega, Ángel Custodio, ed. (1957). España sagrada, de la Santa Iglesia Apostólica de Iliberri (Granada). Vol. 56. Pages: 212.
 * English translation: Dale, Alfred William Winterslow (1882). The Synod of Elvira. Pages: 292.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Lactantius (c. 307). The Divine Institutes
Images remind of those dead or absent. With the omnipresent deity there is no need of an image:


 * Source: Lactantius (c. 307). Institutiones Divinae [English: The Divine Institutes] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Divinae Institutiones.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 2, chapter 2.
 * Book 2, chapter 19.
 * Dating: 307 ±4 A.D., based on Healy, Patrick. "Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.
 * Latin text: Brandt, Samuel; Laubmann, Georg von eds. (1890). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 19. Pages: 99−103 (2.2), 195−196 (2.19).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1844). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 6. Columns: 258B−262B (2.2), 344A−345A (2.19).
 * English translation: Roberts, Alexander; Donaldson, James; Coxe, A. Cleveland, eds. (1886). The Ante-Nicene Fathers (ANF). Vol. 7. Translated by Fletcher, William. Pages: 41−43 (2.2), 67−68 (2.19).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 317). Praeparatio evangelica
Rejecting a pagan defense of idolatry that images only indicated gods and were like books which, properly read, helped people understand invisible deities:


 * Source: Eusebius of Caesarea (Eusebius Pamphili) (c. 317). Εὑαγγελικὴ προπαρασκευή [English: Preparation for the Gospel; Latin: Praeparatio evangelica] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 3, chapter 7.
 * Dating: c. 317 A.D. Exact date of composition unknown. Started after 312 A.D., referring to some events of the year 313 A.D. as recent. See Gifford, Edwin Hamilton, ed. (1903). Eusebii Pamphili Evangelicae Praeparationis Libri XV, Vol. 3, Part 1. Pages: xiii-xiv.
 * Greek text: Gifford, Edwin Hamilton, ed. (1903). Eusebii Pamphili Evangelicae Praeparationis Libri XV, Vol. 1. Pages: 130-131 (3.7).
 * English translation: Gifford, Edwin Hamilton, ed. (1903). Eusebii Pamphili Evangelicae Praeparationis Libri XV, Vol. 3, Part 1. Translated by Gifford, Edwin Hamilton. Pages: 106-107 (3.7).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 321). Letter to the Empress Constantia
It is impossible to paint the resurrected Christ. Making icons of Christ as a mortal man is ungodly:


 * Source: Eusebius of Caesarea (Eusebius Pamphili) (c. 321). Πρὸς Κωνσταντίαν τὴν βασίλισσαν [English: Letter to the Empress Constantia; Latin: Epistula ad Constantiam Augustam] (in Greek).


 * Selected fragments:
 * The whole text.
 * Dating: 321 ±8 A.D. The exact date of compossition unknown, marginal dates set by the Edict of Milan and Constantia's death.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 20. Columns: 1545A-1550A.
 * English translation: Mango, Cyril A., ed. (1986). The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453: Sources and Documents. Translated by Mango, Cyril A. Pages: 16−18.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 324). Church History
First publicly known statues and paintings of Jesus were made by the Gentiles and they were still rare in the early IV c.:


 * Source: Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 324). Ἐκκλησιαστικὴ ἱστορία [English: The Church History; Latin: Ecclestiasticae historiae] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Historia Ecclesiastica; Historia Ecclesiae.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 7, chapters 17-18.
 * Dating: c. 324 ±1 A.D. See: NPNF2, 1:45.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 20. Columns: 677C-680D.
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry, eds. (1904). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2). Vol. 1. Translated by McGiffert, Arthur Cushman. Pages: 304.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 338). Life of Constantine
Images of emperors and biblical scenes are allowed for instruction, not for veneration. Even idols used as works of art:


 * Source: Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 338). Βίος Κωνσταντίνου [English: Life of Constantine; Latin: Vita Constantini] (in Greek).
 * Alternative titles: Βίος Μεγάλου Κωνσταντίνου [English: Life of Constantine the Great]; Εἰς τὸν βίον τοῦ μακαρίου Κωνσταντίνου τοῦ βασιλέως; De vita Constantini Imperatoris; De vita Imperatoris Constantini.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 3, chapters 48-49.
 * Book 3, chapter 54.
 * Book 4, chapters 15-16.
 * Dating: c. 338 A.D. See: NPNF2, 1:467.
 * Greek text & Latin translation: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1857). Patrologia Graeca (PG). Vol. 20. Columns: 1108C-1109B (3.48-49), 1164A-1164C (4.15-16).
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry, eds. (1904). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2). Vol. 1. Translated by Richardson, Ernest Cushing. Pages: 532 (3.48-49), 544 (4.15-16).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Hilary of Poitiers (c. 358). On the Trinity
God the Son was seen by many and under various forms in the Old Testament. And yet He is Invisible and so must be worshipped by invisible means. The corporeal or visible Christ is not the likeness of the invisible God, i.e. Christ is not the likeness of God in terms of His corporeal, visible or bodily form:


 * Source: Hilary of Poitiers (c. 358). De Trinitate [English: On the Trinity] (in Latin).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 2, section 11.
 * Book 2, sections 24−25.
 * Book 2, section 31.
 * Book 5, section 17.
 * Book 5, sections 33−34.
 * Book 8, sections 48.
 * Book 12, sections 45−47.
 * Dating: 358 A.D., based on Beckwith, Carl. (2008). Hilary of Poitiers on the Trinity: From De Fide to De Trinitate, p. 57.
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1845). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 10. Columns: 59A−59B (2.11), 66A−67A (2.24−25), 71A−72B (2.31), 139A−140A (5.17), 152A−153A (5.33−34), 271-272 (8.48), 462A-464A (12.45−47).
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry, eds. (1908). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2). Vol. 9. Translated by Watson, E. W. Pages: 155 (2.11), 58−59 (2.24−25), 60−61 (2.31), 89−90 (5.17), 95 (5.33−34), 151 (8.48), 230-231 (12.45-47).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Augustine of Hippo (388). On The Morals of the Catholic Church
There are many ignorant and superstitious Christians who worship pictures:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (388). De Moribus Ecclesiae Catholicae [English: On The Morals of the Catholic Church] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Of The Morals of the Catholic Church.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapter 34, section 75.
 * Dating: 388 A.D. See: NPNF1, 4:41.
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1877). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 32. Columns: 1342.
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1887). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 4. Translated by Stothert, Richard. Pages: 62.
 * Quoted in the CCC: 1718 (3.1.1.2.2.1718), 1809 (3.1.1.7.1.1809).

Maximus of Madaura (390). To Augustine in Augustine of Hippo. Letters
Pagans ask Christians to show them plainly who their unique God is, because pagan gods (i.e. their images) can be seen by all men in broad daylight:


 * Source: Maximus of Madaura (390). Ad Augustinum [English: To Augustine] (in Latin) in Augustine of Hippo. Epistolae [English: Letters] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Epistola XVI [English: Letter 16; Epistle 16]; Maximi Madaurensis ad Augustinum [English: From Maximus of Madaura to Augustine].
 * Selected fragments:
 * Section 3.
 * Dating: 390 A.D. See: NPNF1 1:233.
 * Latin text: Goldbacher, A., ed. (1895). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 34/1. Pages: 38−39.
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1845). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 33. Columns: 82.
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1886). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 1. Translated by Cunningham, J. G. Pages: 233.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Epiphanius of Salamis (394). To John, Bishop of Jerusalem in Jerome. Letters
No images either of Christ or of any of His saints are allowed in Christian churches. An early example of iconoclasm:


 * Source: Epiphanius of Salamis (394). Ad Joannem Episcopum Jerosolymorum [English: To John, Bishop of Jerusalem] (in Latin) in Jerome. Epistolae [English: Letters] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Epistola LI [English: Letter 51; Epistle 51]; S. Epiphanii Ad Joannem Episcopum Jerosolymorum; From Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, in Cyprus, to John, Bishop of Jerusalem.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Section 9.
 * Dating: 394 A.D. See: NPNF2 6:83.
 * Latin text: Hilberg, Isidor, ed. (1910). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 54. Pages: 411-412
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1845). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 22. Columns: 526-527.
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1893). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series (NPNF2). Vol. 6. Translated by Fremantle, W. H.; Lewis, G.; Martley, W. G. Pages: 88-89.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Augustine of Hippo (c. 400). On the Harmony of the Gospels
Paintings of Christ, Peter and Paul are misleading. Christ must be sought for in the Scriptures and not on the walls:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (c. 400). De Consensu Evangeliorum [English: On the Harmony of the Gospels] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: De Consensu Evangelistarum; De Concordia Evangelistarum [English: On the Harmony of the Evangelists]; De Consensu Evangeliorum; De Concordia Evangeliorum [English: The Harmony of the Gospels].
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 1, chapter 10, section 16.
 * Dating: 400 A.D. See: NPNF1, 6:71.
 * Latin text: Weihrich, Francis, ed. (1904). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 43. Pages: 15−16.
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1845). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 34. Columns: 1049.
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1888). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 6. Translated by Salmond, S. D. F. Pages: 83−84.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Augustine of Hippo (c. 410). Exposition on Psalm 113 [nr 115 in Hebrew]
Pagans mock Christians: "Where is your God?", because now Christ is only preached and not shown, unlike images of pagan gods. Pagans claim their idols only symbolize gods:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (c. 410). Enarration in Psalmum CXIII [English: Exposition on Psalm 113 (115 in Hebrew and Protestant editions)] (in Latin) in: Enarrationes in Psalmos [English: Explanations of the Psalms] (in Latin).


 * Selected fragments:
 * In Psalmum CXIII, Sermo I, 13. (Latin) = Psalm CXIV, section 13. (Wilkins, 1853) = Psalm CXV, section 2. (NPNF1, 8).
 * In Psalmum CXIII, Sermo II, 1. (Latin) = Psalm CXV, section 1. (Wilkins, 1853) = Psalm CXV, section 4. (incomplete translation in NPNF1, 8).
 * In Psalmum CXIII, Sermo II, 3. (Latin) = Psalm CXV, section 3. (Wilkins, 1853) = Psalm CXV, section 5. (incomplete translation in NPNF1, 8).
 * In Psalmum CXIII, Sermo II, 4. (Latin) = Psalm CXV, section 4. (Wilkins, 1853) = Psalm CXV, section 6. (incomplete translation in NPNF1, 8).
 * Dating: c. 410 A.D. All expositions written between 392 A.D. and 418 A.D. See: "Enarrationes in Psalmos" in Fitzgerald, Allan; Cavadini, John C. eds. (1999). Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia, p. 290.
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1865). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 37. Columns: 1480 (113.I.13), 1481 (113.II.1), 1483-1484 (113.II.3-4).
 * English translation: Wilkins, H. M.; unnamed editors. (1853). Expositions on the Book of Psalms by Saint Augustine. Vol. 5. Translated by Wilkins, H. M. Pages: 282 (114.13), 283 (115.1), 286-287 (115.3-4).
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Augustine of Hippo (c. 414). On Faith in Things Unseen
Some unbelievers ridicule Christian religion, because in it people are told to believe things which are not seen and cannot be shown, but which are visible only to human minds:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (c. 414). De fide rerum quae non videntur [English: On Faith in that which cannot be seen] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: De fide rerum invisibilium; On Faith in the Unseen; Concerning Faith of Things Not Seen; On Faith in Things Unseen.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Chapter 1, section 1.
 * Dating: c. 414 ±15 A.D. The work was written after 399 A.D. (according to NPNF1 3:337) and it is mentioned in Augustine's Letter 231 dated to 429 A.D.
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1845). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 40. Columns: 171.
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1887). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 3. Translated by Cornish, C. L. Pages: 337.
 * Quoted in the CCC: n/a.

Augustine of Hippo (c. 417). Homilies on the Gospel of John
Christ is absolutely invisible in His form wherein He is equal with the Father. And yet He showed Himself in the creature-form both before and after His incarnation. Looking at Christ's human body people could only see the flesh, the man, the covering and not the Word, God, the Being hidden within that body. Jesus after His ascension was never again to be seen in His mortal state (bodily form). If asked, Christians are not able to show pagans any images of their God, as they worship what is not seen:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (c. 417). In Joannis Evangelium tractatus [English: Homilies on the Gospel of John] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: Tractates on the Gospel of John.
 * Selected fragments:
 * Tractate 20 (on John 5:19), section 11.
 * Tractate 53 (on John 12:37-43), section 12.
 * Tractate 75 (on John 14:18-21), section 2.
 * Tractate 101 (on John 16:16-23), section 6.
 * Dating: c. 417 ±1 A.D. according to Deferrari, Roy J. (1917). "On the Date and Order of Delivery of St. Augustine's Tractates on the Gospel and Epistle of St. John" in Classical Philology. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 191−194.
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1902). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 35. Columns: 1562 (20.11), 1779−1780 (53.12), 1829 (75.2), 1895−1896 (101.6).
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1888). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 7. Translated by Gibb, John; Innes, James. Pages: 136 (20.11), 295 (53.12), 335−336 (75.2), 388−389 (101.6).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 795 (1.2.3.9.2.2.795), 1228 (2.2.1.1.2.1228), 1398 (2.2.1.3.6.1398), 1458 (2.2.2.4.7.1458), 1584 (2.2.3.6.7.1584), 1994 (3.1.3.2.1.1994).

Augustine of Hippo (c. 422). On the Trinity
God the Son in His proper self, the substance or the essence, can in no way be visible. Before His incarnation He appeared through angels. Neither does anybody know what Jesus Christ, his mother or apostles really looked like nor does it matter. Spiritual realities are to be perceived with the mind and not by carnal eyes:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (c. 422). De Trinitate [English: On the Trinity] (in Latin).


 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 3, chapter 11, sections 21−22, 27.
 * Book 4, chapter 21, section 31.
 * Book 8, chapter 4, sections 6−7.
 * Book 8, chapter 5, sections 7−8.
 * Dating: c. 422 ±6 A.D. Completed sometime between 416 and 428 A.D. according to NPNF1, 3:13
 * Latin text: Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1886). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 42. Columns: 881−882 (3.11.21−22), 886 (3.11.27), 910 (4.21.31), 951−953 (8.4.6−8.5.8).
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1887). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 3. Translated by Haddan, Arthur West. Pages: 65 (3.11.21−22), 67 (3.11.27), 86 (4.21.31), 118−120 (8.4.6−8.5.8).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 264 (1.2.1.1.2.264), 1766 (3.1.1.5.1.1766), 1955 (3.1.3.1.1.1955).

Augustine of Hippo (426). The City of God
God appeared visibly to the patriarchs (e.g. Moses), though His bodily form in which He was seen was not in His proper substance or His own nature, which in itself is invisible:


 * Source: Augustine of Hippo (426). De civitate Dei contra paganos [English: The City of God Against the Pagans] (in Latin).
 * Alternative titles: De civitate Dei [English: The City of God].
 * Selected fragments:
 * Book 10, chapters: 13; 15.
 * Dating: 426 A.D. Written over the span of 13 years between 413 and 426 A.D. See NPNF1, 2:v.
 * Latin text: Hoffmann, Emanuel, ed. (1899). Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (CSEL). Vol. 40/1. Pages: 469−472 (10.13; 10.15).
 * Latin text (alternative): Migne, Jacques Paul, ed. (1845). Patrologia Latina (PL). Vol. 41. Columns: 291−293 (10.13; 10.15).
 * English translation: Schaff, Philip, ed. (1887). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series (NPNF1). Vol. 2. Translated by Dods, Marcus. Pages: 189−190 (10.13; 10.15).
 * Quoted in the CCC: 769 (1.2.3.9.1.2.769), 1118 (2.1.1.2.2.1118), 1372 (2.2.1.3.5.1372), 1720 (3.1.1.2.3.1720), 1766 (3.1.1.5.1.1766), 1850 (3.1.1.8.2.1850), 2099 (3.2.1.1.2.2099), 2185 (3.2.1.3.2.2185), 2304 (3.2.2.5.3.2304), 2550 (3.2.2.10.4.2550).