User:Plange/James River Squadron

James River Squadron
The James River Squadron was formed shortly after the secession of the State of Virginia as part of the Virginia State Navy.

History
The James River Squadron is most notable for its role in patrolling the James River, which was the main water approach to the Confederate capital, Richmond. It had two phases: early war, when it was comprised mostly of wooden ships (sides the famous Virginia) which ended with the Battle of Drewry's Bluff on May 15, 1862; and its later ironclad composition with the flagship Virginia II.

First Phase
John Randolph Tucker was the commander of the James River Squadron during its first real action at the Battle of Hampton Roads on March 8-9, 1862. The dimunition of the squadron came when the Federals were able to travel up the James River after the Confederates destroyed its guardian, Virginia. In an attempt to bolster the obstructions at Drewry's Bluff, the Jamestown was sunk and its guns mounted on the bluff. Its crew, along with the crews of the rest of the squadron, fought at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff on May 15, 1862.

Second Phase
After May 1862 to the end of 1863, life was relatively quiet on the James River. Because of this lack of activity, the War Department decided that the Army of Northern Virginia, always hard pressed for troops, needed the sailors more than the Navy. Detachments of sailors were assigned temporarily to cover the Richmond defenses and free troops for use in the field. Sailors continued to be used ashore for the rest of the war, especially at Drewry's Bluff.

At the end of May 1864, obstructions were removed from the James River by the Confederates, and the Squadron was sent down river, only to find that the Federals had built their own barricades. The Squadron continued shelling the Federals ashore at intervals until August 13, when a full naval bombardment was opened on the Federal Army.

For the rest of the year, periodic duels between the James River Squadron and the Federal shore batteries were the rule. The squadron stayed almost constantly below Drewry's Bluff. In January of 1865, the James River Squadron ran past the barricades in the river in an attempt to disrupt Grant's supplies. During the fight, many of the ships were lost, others damaged to varying degrees. That night the river rose, floating the iron-clads, and the James River Squadron tried to run under the cover of dark. They were spotted, and heavy fire opened up on the fleet. The order to retreat was given and the gunboats retreated.

From that point on, the navy did little other than work heavy guns in the Richmond defenses. As Richmond fell, the James River Squadron was ordered to destroy their vessels and join Lee's army. By the time they had burned the vessels, Richmond was in flames and no road was open to join Lee. Cut off from Lee's army, they marched to the outskirts of Richmond and, finding a train there, made their way to join Johnston's army.

There were several men from this squadron, however, who did join Lee and fought a desperate rearguard action at Sayler's creek, then surrendered with the army at Appomattox. On May 1, 1865, Johnston's army, including the last of the James River Squadron, was surrendered to General Sherman, and disbanded.

Commanders

 * Captain French Forrest (July 10, 1861 - February 27, 1862)
 * Captain Franklin Buchanan (February 27-March 29, 1862)
 * Captain Josiah Tattnall (March 29-May 15, 1862)
 * Captain John Randolph Tucker (April 19 - May 1862)
 * Captain Sidney Smith Lee (May 15, 1862 - November 3, 1862)
 * Captain Samuel Barron (November 3, 1862-March 1863)
 * Captain French Forrest (March 24, 1863 - May 6, 1864)
 * Captain John K. Mitchell (May 6, 1864 - February 18, 1865)
 * Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes (February 18, 1865 - end of war)

Flagships
CSS Virginia CSS Patrick Henry (during the detachment period, and then after the destruction of the Virginia) CSS Virginia II

First Phase
CSS Virginia CSS Jamestown CSS Patrick Henry CSS Teaser CSS Beaufort CSS Raleigh CSS Hampton CSS Nansemond

Second Phase
CSS Virginia II CSS Richmond CSS Fredericksburg CSS Drewry CSS Patrick Henry CSS Teaser CSS Beaufort CSS Raleigh CSS Hampton CSS Nansemond CSS Torpedo