User:Pmv29/Korlai Portuguese Creole

Introduction
Korlai Creole-Portuguese is a creole language based on Portuguese, spoken by approximately 1000 inhabitants of the Korlai Village. The language is referred to as Korlai Creole Portuguese, Korlai Portuguese, Kristi or 'nɔ ling' by the speakers themselves, translating to 'our language'. The speakers are a part of a very close-knit community, commonly referred to as the 'Kristi' community due to their affiliation to Roman Catholicism. Korlai is situated in the Raigad District (Colaba District) of the Konkan region, 150 kilometers south of Mumbai, in Maharashtra, India. The speakers are of a homogenous Roman Catholic pocket in an area dominated by Hindu and Muslim Marathi speaking inhabitants.

Korlai Village Background
Chaul was an important trade city near Korlai and was first visited by the Portuguese in 1505. This area was previously under the Muslim rule from 1318. The Portuguese and the Muslim ruler maintained a friendly relation, however, the relation soon experienced tension and a war broke out. During this time 600 casados, i.e Portuguese men married the native women who were living outside the Chaul fort along with a large number of Hindu and Muslim shopkeepers. In 1594, the Portuguese took over the fort along with Korlai in the valley of the marro (hill). By 1630, a small Christian community grew when the church, Nossa Senhora do Mar 'Our Lady of the Sea' was build on the hill. As stated by Paradkar, "These Christians were mainly slaves and the offspring of the casados [Portuguese men] and soldadas [Soldiers]." The Portuguese abandoned Chaul and the hill to move to Goa in 1740. After the departure of the Portuguese, many Christians moved to other Portuguese territories while the Christians of the lower-castes moved closer to the church as the Marathas took control of the region.

Development of the Language

The development of the language can be traced back to the 1500s with the conception of the new element of society, the native Indian Catholics and Eurasian offspring. The existing cast system within India had a great influence on the creation of KCP (Korlai Creole Portuguese). The Eurasian offspring and the Indian-Eurasian offspring were isolated from the pure-blood Portuguese and other castes. This isolation led them to intermarry and children began learning the pidgin their parents spoke. The Korlai creole immerged among the slaves and their offspring who converted to Christianity and became a part of the Portuguese community while still being a part of the existing caste distinctions. The social isolation this community faced contributed to the maintenance and growth of Korlai creole.

In today's context, the Kristi community is geographically separated from the rest as the community lives in the 'varcha bhag' [Upper Korlai]. The community also differs from the rest of the area occupationally. Korlai Creole Portuguese speakers are agriculturists whereas the other dominant occupation is of fishers from the Koli, Mali, Agari and a few Maratha communities. Apart from the geographical and occupational differences, the Kristi community differentiates itself linguistically, by the use of 'nɔ ling', an important marker of their identity. However, with the changing times and better connectivity between Korlai and the rest of the world, the language evolving. The newer generation prefers the use of Marathi as it is dominant language of the state and the insistence of the Church in order to create unison. This is causing a huge influence of Marathi on the language and its development.

Structure of Korlai Portuguese

Korlai Portuguese vowels are similar to the Middle Portuguese, which was spoken by Portuguese soldiers that came to this region. The sole difference being the point of articulation of the central vowel. Both Marathi and Korlai Creole Portuguese had a decline in nasal vowels and this process of denasalisation is connected for both languages. In the younger generation, Korlai Creole Poruguese also shows an increase in the borrowing of Marathi lexical items. Clements (1997) indicated that the language had SVO word order but recent data shows the language now utilizes a SOV word order, which could be attributed to increased influence of Marathi.