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Nematodes Pests of Collard Greens

The sting nematode Belonolaimus gracilis and the awl nematode, Dolichodorus spp. are both ectoparasites, capable of injuring the roots of collards. Root symptoms include, stubby roots and/or coarse roots that are dark at the tips while shoot symptoms include, stunted plants, premature wilting and chlorosis (Nguyen and Smart, 1975). Another species of the sting worm: Belonolaimus longicaudatus was shown to be a host of collards in Georgia and North Carolina (Robbins and Barker, 1973). B. longicaudatus has been shown that to be devastating to seedlings and transplants. As little as 3 nematodes/100g of soil when transplanting can result in significant yield losses on susceptible plants. They are most common in sandy soils (Noling, 2012).

The stubby root nematodes Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus attach and feed near the tip of the tap roots of collard greens. The damage caused prevents proper root elongation leading in tight mats that could appear swollen, therefore resulting in a "stubby root" (Noling, 2012).

Several species of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. are hosted by collards these include: (M. javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria. Second stage juveniles attack the plant and settle in the roots. However, infestation seems to be at lower populations compared to other cruciferous plants. Root symptoms include deformation (galls) and injury that prevent proper water and nutrient uptake. This could eventually lead to stunting, wilting and chlorosis of the shoots (Crow and Dunn, 2012).

The false root knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans has a wide host range of up to 84 species including many weeds. On Brassicas it has been reported in several states including Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, Kansas (Manzanilla- López et al., 2002). As a pest of collards, the degree of damage is dependent upon the nematode population in the soil.

REFERENCES

Crow, W.T., and R.A. Dunn. 2012. Introduction to Plant Nematology. ENY-016. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ng006.

Simser. D. 1992. Field Application of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Delia radicum in Collards. Journal of Nematology 24(3):374-378.

Hol WHG, de Boer W, Termorshuizen A, Meyer KM, Schneider JHM, Van Dam NM, Van Veen JA, Van der Putten WH. 2010. Reduction of rare soil microbes modifies plant-herbivores interactions. Ecol Lett. 13:292–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01424.x

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Khuong, N. B. and Smart, Jr. 1975. The effects of Belonolaimus longicaudatus on growth of collard, kale and cauliflower. Plant Disease Reporter 59:819-822

Park, H.W., Kim, H.H., Youn, S.H., Shin, T.S., Bilgrami, A.L., Cho, M.R. and Shin, C.S. 2012. Biological control potentials of insect-parasitic nematode Rhabditis blumi (Nematoda: Rhabditida) for major cruciferous vegetable insect pests. Applied Entomology and Zoology 47: 389-397.

Manzanilla-López, R. H., M. A. Costilla, M. Doucet, J. Franco, R. N. Inserra, P. S. Lehman, I. Cid del Prado-Vera, R. M. Souza, and K. Evans. 2002. The genus Nacobbus Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): Systematics, distribution, biology and management. Nematropica 32:149-227

Mossler, M.A. 2005. Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Specialty Brassicas (Arrugula, Bok Choy, Chinese Broccoli, Chinese Mustard, Napa). Horticultural Sciences Department document HS190. UF/IFAS Extension.

Noling, J.W. 2009. Nematode Management in Crucifers (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese Cabbages, Collards, Mustards, Radishes, Rutabagas, and Turnips). EENY-024. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ng024.

Noling, J.W. 2012. Nematodes and Their Management. ENY-625. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/cv112.

Wurst S, Langel R, Rodger S, Scheu S. Effects of belowground biota on primary and secondary metabolites in Brassica oleracea. Chemoecology. 2006;16:69–73. doi: 10.1007/s00049-005-0328-

http://www.cityfarmer.info/2010/03/27/kenya-bag-an-urban-farm/

http://www.giveachildlife.org/Door_Step_Garden.html

http://The-Sack-Gardens-of-the-Kibera-Slum