User:Polbot/source/Bio.pl


 * 1) Use like:
 * 2)   perl bio3.pl Malvales "flowering plant" rosid-stub p
 * 3) TODO: detect wikiproject automatically
 * 4) TODO: plants use binomial as article name
 * 1) TODO: plants use binomial as article name

use strict; use Perlwikipedia; use URI::Escape; use LWP::UserAgent; use Encode;

my $soonest_next_op = time; my $wait_time = 10;

my $family = shift; my $biotype = shift; my $stubtype = shift; my $wikiproject = shift;

print "Running Polbot's bio function, family = $family, biotype = $biotype, stubtype = $stubtype, wikiproject = $wikiproject\n";

my %xhabitat = (   '1.1' => 'boreal forests',    '1.2' => 'subarctic forests',    '1.3' => 'subantarctic forests',    '1.4' => 'temperate forests',    '1.5' => 'subtropical or tropical dry forests',    '1.6' => 'subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests',    '1.7' => 'subtropical or tropical mangrove forests',    '1.8' => 'subtropical or tropical swamps',    '1.9' => 'subtropical or tropical moist montanes',    '2.1' => 'dry savanna',    '2.2' => 'moist savanna',    '3.1' => 'subarctic shrubland',    '3.2' => 'subantarctic shrubland',    '3.3' => 'boreal shrubland',    '3.4' => 'temperate shrubland',    '3.5' => 'subtropical or tropical dry shrubland',    '3.6' => 'subtropical or tropical moist shrubland',    '3.7' => 'subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland',    '3.8' => 'Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation', '4.1' => 'tundra', '4.2' => 'subarctic grassland', '4.3' => 'subantarctic grassland', '4.4' => 'temperate grassland', '4.5' => 'subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland', '4.6' => 'subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland', '4.7' => 'subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland', '5.1' => 'rivers', '5.2' => 'intermittent rivers', '5.3' => 'shrub-dominated wetlands', '5.4' => 'swamps', '5.5' => 'freshwater lakes', '5.6' => 'intermittent freshwater lakes', '5.7' => 'freshwater marshes', '5.8' => 'intermittent freshwater marshes', '5.9' => 'freshwater springs', '5.10' => 'tundra wetlands', '5.11' => 'Alpine wetlands', '5.12' => 'geothermal wetlands', '5.13' => 'inland deltas', '5.14' => 'saline lakes', '5.15' => 'intermittent saline lakes', '5.16' => 'saline marshes', '5.17' => 'intermittent saline marshes', '5.18' => 'inland karsts', '6' => 'rocky areas', '7.1' => 'caves', '7.2' => 'subterranean habitats (other than caves)', '8.1' => 'hot deserts', '8.2' => 'temperate desert', '8.3' => 'cold desert', '9.1' => 'open seas', '9.2' => 'shallow seas', '9.3' => 'subtidal aquatic beds', '9.4' => 'coral reefs', '10.1' => 'rocky shores', '10.2' => 'sandy shores', '10.3' => 'estuarine waters', '10.4' => 'intertidal flats', '10.5' => 'intertidal marshes', '10.6' => 'coastal saline lagoons', '10.7' => 'coastal freshwater lagoons', '10.8' => 'karsts', '11.1' => 'arable land', '11.2' => 'pastureland', '11.3' => 'plantations ', '11.4' => 'rural gardens', '11.5' => 'urban areas', '11.6' => 'heavily degraded former forest', '12.1' => 'water storage areas', '12.2' => 'ponds', '12.3' => 'aquaculture ponds', '12.4' => 'salt exploitation sites', '12.5' => 'open excavations', '12.6' => 'wastewater treatment areas', '12.7' => 'irrigated land', '12.8' => 'seasonally flooded agricultural land', '12.9' => 'canals and ditches', '12.10' => 'man-made karsts', '13' => 'introduced vegetation' );

my %xfamily = (	'Compositae' => 'Asteraceae',	'Cruciferae' => 'Brassicaceae',	'Gramineae' => 'Poaceae',	'Guttiferae' => 'Clusiaceae',	'Labiatae' => 'Lamiaceae',	'Leguminosae' => 'Fabaceae',	'Palmae' => 'Arecaceae',	'Umbelliferae' => 'Apiaceae', );

my %xzoologist = ( 'Abe' => "Abe",  'Able' => "Able",  'Abbott' => "Abbott",  'Acerbi' => "Acerbi",  'Acero' => "Acero",  'A. Adams' => "A. Adams",  'Agassiz' => "Agassiz",  'A. Agassiz' => "A. Agassiz",  'Aguilera' => "Aguilera",  'D. R. de Aguilera' => "D. R. de Aguilera",  'Ahl' => "Ahl",  'E. Ahl' => "E. Ahl",  'Ahlstrom' => "Ahlstrom",  'Ahnelt' => "Ahnelt",  'Aizawa' => "Aizawa",  'Akama' => "Akama",  'Akihito' => "Akihito",  'Albert' => "Albert",  'Albertis' => "Albertis", 'Alcock' => "Alcock", 'Alexander' => "Alexander", 'Alencar' => "Alencar", 'Alfaro' => "Alfaro", 'Alifanov' => "Alifanov", 'Allain' => "Allain", 'Allen' => "Allen", 'G.M. Allen' => "G.M. Allen", 'G.R. Allen' => "G.R. Allen", 'Allioni' => "Allioni", 'Almeida-Toledo' => "Almeida-Toledo", 'Amadon' => "Amadon", 'Ambrosio' => "Ambrosio", 'Ameghino' => "Ameghino", 'K. Andersen' => "K. Andersen", 'Anderson' => "Anderson", 'André' => "André", 'Andriashev' => "Andriashev", 'Andriyashev' => "Andriyashev", 'Angas' => "Angas", 'Annandale' => "Annandale", 'Antunes' => "Antunes", 'Apesteguía' => "Apesteguía", 'Appellöf' => "Appellöf", 'Archbold' => "Archbold", 'Arcucci' => "Arcucci", 'Arrow' => "Arrow", 'Asano' => "Asano", 'Atkinson' => "Atkinson", 'Aubé' => "Aubé", 'Audebert' => "Audebert", 'Audubon' => "Audubon", 'Ausserer' => "Ausserer", 'Ayling' => "Ayling", 'Ayres' => "Ayres", 'Azuma' => "Azuma", 'Bachman' => "Bachman", 'Bailey' => "Bailey", 'R. G. Bailey' => "R. G. Bailey", 'R. M. Bailey' => "R. M. Bailey", 'Baillon' => "Baillon", 'Baird' => "Baird", 'Baker' => "Baker", 'Bakker' => "Bakker", 'Balanov' => "Balanov", 'C. C. Baldwin' => "C. C. Baldwin", 'W. J. Baldwin' => "W. J. Baldwin", 'Z. H. Baldwin' => "Z. H. Baldwin", 'Ball' => "Ball", 'Balon' => "Balon", 'Balouet' => "Balouet", 'Balss' => "Balss", 'Balushkin' => "Balushkin", 'Bandyopadhyay' => "Bandyopadhyay", 'Bangs' => "Bangs", 'Bannerman' => "Bannerman", 'Bannikov' => "Bannikov", 'Bansok' => "Bansok", 'Barbour' => "Barbour", 'F.K. Barker' => "F.K. Barker", 'M.J. Barker' => "M.J. Barker", 'Barrett' => "Barrett", 'Barrows' => "Barrows", 'Barsbold' => "Barsbold", 'Bartenef' => "Bartenef", 'Bartlett' => "Bartlett", 'A. D. Bartlett' => "A. D. Bartlett", 'Barton' => "Barton", 'Baskin' => "Baskin", 'Batchelder' => "Batchelder", 'Bate' => "Bate", 'Bates' => "Bates", 'Bateson' => "Bateson", 'Bean' => "Bean", 'Beavan' => "Beavan", 'Bechstein' => "Bechstein", 'Beddome' => "Beddome", 'Bedriaga' => "Bedriaga", 'Behr' => "Behr", 'Bell' => "Bell", 'Bemmel' => "Bemmel", 'Bendire' => "Bendire", 'Benitez' => "Benitez", 'Bennett' => "Bennett", 'Bennett' => "Bennett", 'Benson' => "Benson", 'Benson' => "Benson", 'Bent' => "Bent", 'Benton' => "Benton", 'Beresford' => "Beresford", 'Berg' => "Berg", 'Berkenhout' => "Berkenhout", 'Berla' => "Berla", 'Berland' => "Berland", 'Berlepsch' => "Berlepsch", 'Berlioz' => "Berlioz", 'Berry' => "Berry", 'Berthold ' => "Berthold ", 'Bertkau' => "Bertkau", 'Bianco' => "Bianco", 'Bibron' => "Bibron", 'Bigot' => "Bigot", 'Bilek' => "Bilek", 'Billberg' => "Billberg", 'Billings' => "Billings", 'Bingham' => "Bingham", 'Biswas' => "Biswas", 'Blache' => "Blache", 'Black' => "Black", 'Blackwall' => "Blackwall", 'Blainville' => "Blainville", 'Blanchard' => "Blanchard", 'Blanford' => "Blanford", 'Blasius' => "Blasius", 'W. Blasius' => "W. Blasius", 'Bleeker' => "Bleeker", 'Bloch' => "Bloch", 'Blumenbach' => "Blumenbach", 'Blyth' => "Blyth", 'Bocage' => "Bocage", 'Bocourt' => "Bocourt", 'Boddaert' => "Boddaert", 'Boettger' => "Boettger", 'Boetticher' => "Boetticher", 'Bogert' => "Bogert", 'Boheman' => "Boheman", 'F. Boie' => "F. Boie", 'H. Boie' => "H. Boie", 'Boisduval' => "Boisduval", 'Bolle' => "Bolle", 'Bolotsky' => "Bolotsky", 'Bonaparte' => "Bonaparte", 'Bonaparte' => "Bonaparte", 'Bond' => "Bond", 'Bonelli' => "Bonelli", 'Bonhote' => "Bonhote", 'Bonnaterre' => "Bonnaterre", 'Borkhausen' => "Borkhausen", 'Borodin' => "Borodin", 'Borsuk-Bialynicka' => "Borsuk-Bialynicka", 'Bosc' => "Bosc", 'Boucard' => "Boucard", 'Boulenger' => "Boulenger", 'Bourcier' => "Bourcier", 'Bouvier' => "Bouvier", 'Bowdich' => "Bowdich", 'Bowerbank' => "Bowerbank", 'Brandt' => "Brandt", 'Brauer' => "Brauer", 'A. E. Brehm' => "A. E. Brehm", 'C. L. Brehm' => "C. L. Brehm", 'Bremer' => "Bremer", 'Bremi-Wolf' => "Bremi-Wolf", 'Brett-Surman' => "Brett-Surman", 'Brevoort' => "Brevoort", 'Brewster' => "Brewster", 'Briggs' => "Briggs", 'Brischke' => "Brischke", 'Brisson' => "Brisson", 'Brittinger' => "Brittinger", 'Brodkorb' => "Brodkorb", 'Brongniart' => "Brongniart", 'C. Brongniart' => "C. Brongniart", 'Bronn' => "Bronn", 'Brooke' => "Brooke", 'Brookes' => "Brookes", 'W. S. Brooks' => "W. S. Brooks", 'Broom' => "Broom", 'Brown' => "Brown", 'Bruch' => "Bruch", 'Bruguière' => "Bruguière", 'Brullé' => "Brullé", 'Brünnich' => "Brünnich", 'Brusatte' => "Brusatte", 'H. Bryant' => "H. Bryant", 'W. E. Bryant' => "W. E. Bryant", 'Bücherl' => "Bücherl", 'Buckland' => "Buckland", 'Buffetaut' => "Buffetaut", 'Buller' => "Buller", 'Bunzel' => "Bunzel", 'Burchell' => "Burchell", 'Burge' => "Burge", 'Burmeister' => "Burmeister", 'Burnett' => "Burnett", 'Burns' => "Burns", 'Butler' => "Butler", 'Buttikofer' => "Buttikofer", 'Buturlin' => "Buturlin", 'Cabanis' => "Cabanis", 'Cabrera' => "Cabrera", 'Caldwell' => "Caldwell", 'Calman' => "Calman", 'Calvert' => "Calvert", 'Calvo' => "Calvo", 'Cambiaso' => "Cambiaso", 'Camerano' => "Camerano", 'Camp' => "Camp", 'Campos' => "Campos", 'Canestrini' => "Canestrini", 'Cantor' => "Cantor", 'Carlson' => "Carlson", 'Carpenter' => "Carpenter", 'Carvalho' => "Carvalho", 'Cassin' => "Cassin", 'Castelnau' => "Castelnau", 'Cervigón' => "Cervigón", 'Chabanaud' => "Chabanaud", 'Chamberlin' => "Chamberlin", 'Chapin' => "Chapin", 'Chapman' => "Chapman", 'Charig' => "Charig", 'Charpentier' => "Charpentier", 'Chasen' => "Chasen", 'Chatterjee' => "Chatterjee", 'Cherrie' => "Cherrie", 'Chiaie' => "Chiaie", 'Chiappe' => "Chiappe", 'Children' => "Children", 'Christ' => "Christ", 'Chun' => "Chun", 'Chure' => "Chure", 'E. Clark' => "E. Clark", 'H. L. Clark' => "H. L. Clark", 'J. M. Clark' => "J. M. Clark", 'Clements' => "Clements", 'Clemmer' => "Clemmer", 'Clerck' => "Clerck", 'Cloward' => "Cloward", 'Colbert' => "Colbert", 'Colston' => "Colston", 'Compagno' => "Compagno", 'Conci' => "Conci", 'Conde' => "Conde", 'Conover' => "Conover", 'Conrad' => "Conrad", 'Coombs' => "Coombs", 'Cooper' => "Cooper", 'Cooper' => "Cooper", 'Cope' => "Cope", 'Coquerel' => "Coquerel", 'Coria' => "Coria", 'Cornalia' => "Cornalia", 'Cory' => "Cory", 'Costa' => "Costa", 'O.G. Costa' => "O.G. Costa", 'W.J.E.M. Costa' => "W.J.E.M. Costa", 'Coues' => "Coues", 'Cramer' => "Cramer", 'F. Cramer' => "F. Cramer", 'Crampton' => "Crampton", 'Cretzschmar' => "Cretzschmar", 'Crewe' => "Crewe", 'Crotch' => "Crotch", 'Crowson' => "Crowson", 'Currie' => "Currie", 'Curry Rogers' => "Curry Rogers", 'Curtis' => "Curtis", 'Cuvier' => "Cuvier", 'F. Cuvier' => "F. Cuvier", 'Czerkas' => "Czerkas", 'da Costa' => "da Costa", 'da Silva' => "da Silva", 'Dahl' => "Dahl", 'Dahlbom' => "Dahlbom", 'Dale' => "Dale", 'Dall' => "Dall", 'Dalla Torre' => "Dalla Torre", 'Dana' => "Dana", 'Daudin' => "Daudin", 'David' => "David", 'de Azevedo' => "de Azevedo", 'de Beaufort' => "de Beaufort", 'de Blainville' => "de Blainville", 'de Castelnau' => "de Castelnau", 'de Filippi' => "de Filippi", 'de Geer' => "de Geer", 'de Hann' => "de Hann", 'de Kay' => "de Kay", 'de Man' => "de Man", 'de Naurois' => "de Naurois", 'de Nicéville' => "de Nicéville", 'Bory de Saint-Vincent' => "Bory de Saint-Vincent", 'de Valai' => "de Valai", 'de Vis' => "de Vis", 'de Winton' => "de Winton", 'Delacour' => "Delacour", 'Denis' => "Denis", 'Depéret' => "Depéret", 'Deppe' => "Deppe", 'Des Murs' => "Des Murs", 'Desfontaines' => "Desfontaines", 'Desmarest' => "Desmarest", 'Diard' => "Diard", 'Dieffenbach' => "Dieffenbach", 'Dingus' => "Dingus", 'Distant' => "Distant", 'Djakonov' => "Djakonov", 'Dobson' => "Dobson", 'Döderlein' => "Döderlein", 'Dodson' => "Dodson", 'Dollman' => "Dollman", 'Dollo' => "Dollo", 'Donis.' => "Donis.", 'Donisthorpe' => "Donisthorpe", 'Donovan' => "Donovan", "d'Orbigny" => "d'Orbigny", 'Dong' => "Dong", 'Doria' => "Doria", 'Doubleday' => "Doubleday", 'Drury' => "Drury", 'du Bus de Gisignies' => "du Bus de Gisignies", 'du Chaillu' => "du Chaillu", 'C. F. Dubois' => "C. F. Dubois", 'Dufour' => "Dufour", 'Duftschmid' => "Duftschmid", 'Duméril' => "Duméril", 'Dumont' => "Dumont", 'Duncker' => "Duncker", 'Duponchel' => "Duponchel", 'Duvernoy' => "Duvernoy", 'Dwight' => "Dwight", 'Earle' => "Earle", 'Eaton' => "Eaton", 'Edwards' => "Edwards", 'Ehrenberg' => "Ehrenberg", 'Eichwald' => "Eichwald", 'Eigenmann' => "Eigenmann", 'R.S. Eigenmann' => "R.S. Eigenmann", 'R. Smith' => "R. Smith", 'Ellerman' => "Ellerman", 'Elliot' => "Elliot", 'Emery' => "Emery", 'A.R. Emery' => "A.R. Emery", 'Enslin' => "Enslin", 'Erichson' => "Erichson", 'Erxleben' => "Erxleben", 'Eschmeyer' => "Eschmeyer", 'Eschscholtz' => "Eschscholtz", 'Esper' => "Esper", 'Evermann' => "Evermann", 'Eversmann' => "Eversmann", 'Evseenko' => "Evseenko", 'Eyton' => "Eyton", 'Fabricius' => "Fabricius", 'Fairmaire' => "Fairmaire", 'Falla' => "Falla", 'Fallén' => "Fallén", 'Feinberg' => "Feinberg", 'C. Felder' => "C. Felder", 'R. Felder' => "R. Felder", 'Fernandes-Matioli' => "Fernandes-Matioli", 'Ferrari-Perez ' => "Ferrari-Perez ", 'Ferraris' => "Ferraris", 'Férussac' => "Férussac", 'Filhol' => "Filhol", 'Finsch' => "Finsch", 'Fioroni' => "Fioroni", 'G. Fischer' => "G. Fischer", 'Fischer de Waldheim' => "Fischer de Waldheim", 'Fischer von Waldheim' => "Fischer von Waldheim", 'J. Fischer' => "J. Fischer", 'J. G. Fischer' => "J. G. Fischer", 'Fitzinger' => "Fitzinger", 'J. H. Fleming' => "J. H. Fleming", 'Fleming' => "Fleming", 'Fonscolombe' => "Fonscolombe", 'Forbes' => "Forbes", 'Forel' => "Forel", 'Forsius' => "Forsius", 'Forsskål' => "Forsskål", 'Forsyth Major' => "Forsyth Major", 'Forster' => "Forster", 'Forster' => "Forster", 'C. A. Forster' => "C. A. Forster", 'G. Forster' => "G. Forster", 'Förster' => "Förster", 'Fourmanoir' => "Fourmanoir", 'Fowler' => "Fowler", 'Fox' => "Fox", 'Fraas' => "Fraas", 'Franganillo-Balboa' => "Franganillo-Balboa", 'Franklin' => "Franklin", 'Fraser' => "Fraser", 'F. C. Fraser' => "F. C. Fraser", 'Frivaldszky' => "Frivaldszky", 'Frohawk' => "Frohawk", 'Fruhstorfer' => "Fruhstorfer", 'Fürbringer' => "Fürbringer", 'Fuessly' => "Fuessly", 'Füsslins' => "Füsslins", 'Gadow' => "Gadow", 'Gahan' => "Gahan", 'Gaimard' => "Gaimard", 'F. Galton' => "F. Galton", 'Galton' => "Galton", 'P. M. Galton' => "P. M. Galton", 'Gambel' => "Gambel", 'Gao' => "Gao", 'Garman' => "Garman", 'Garnot' => "Garnot", 'Gaston' => "Gaston", 'Gasparini' => "Gasparini", 'Gauthier' => "Gauthier", 'Gegenbaur' => "Gegenbaur", 'Gené' => "Gené", 'É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire' => "É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire", 'I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire' => "I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire", 'Georgi' => "Georgi", 'Germar' => "Germar", 'Gerstäcker' => "Gerstäcker", 'Gertsch' => "Gertsch", 'Gervais' => "Gervais", 'Géry' => "Géry", 'Geyer' => "Geyer", 'Giglioli' => "Giglioli", 'Gilbert' => "Gilbert", 'Gilchrist' => "Gilchrist", 'Gill' => "Gill", 'Gillette' => "Gillette", 'Gilmore' => "Gilmore", 'Girard' => "Girard", 'Giraud' => "Giraud", 'Gloger' => "Gloger", 'Gmelin' => "Gmelin", 'Godart' => "Godart", 'Godefroit' => "Godefroit", 'Godman' => "Godman", 'Goeze' => "Goeze", 'Göhlich' => "Göhlich", 'Goldfuss' => "Goldfuss", 'Goode' => "Goode", 'Gosse' => "Gosse", 'A. A. Gould' => "A. A. Gould", 'Gould' => "Gould", 'Grandidier' => "Grandidier", 'Granger' => "Granger", 'Grant' => "Grant", 'Grant' => "Grant", 'Gravenhorst' => "Gravenhorst", 'G. R. Gray' => "G. R. Gray", 'J. E. Gray' => "J. E. Gray", 'Gregory' => "Gregory", 'Griffith' => "Griffith", 'Grinnell' => "Grinnell", 'Griscom' => "Griscom", 'Grobben' => "Grobben", 'A. Grote' => "A. Grote", 'Grote' => "Grote", 'H. Grote' => "H. Grote", 'Grumm-Grzhimailo' => "Grumm-Grzhimailo", 'Guenee' => "Guenee", 'Guenée' => "Guenée", 'Guerin' => "Guerin", 'Guérin-Méneville' => "Guérin-Méneville", 'Güldenstädt' => "Güldenstädt", 'Gunnerus' => "Gunnerus", 'Gunter' => "Gunter", 'Günther' => "Günther", 'Gurney' => "Gurney", 'J. H. Gurney Jr' => "J. H. Gurney Jr", 'Gyllenhal' => "Gyllenhal", 'Hablizl' => "Hablizl", 'Hadiaty' => "Hadiaty", 'Hadie' => "Hadie", 'Haeckel' => "Haeckel", 'Hagen' => "Hagen", 'Hahn' => "Hahn", 'Haldeman' => "Haldeman", 'Haliday' => "Haliday", 'Hallowell' => "Hallowell", 'Hamilton' => "Hamilton", 'Hamilton-Buchanan' => "Hamilton-Buchanan", 'Hammer' => "Hammer", 'Hampson' => "Hampson", 'Handlirsch' => "Handlirsch", 'Hansemann' => "Hansemann", 'Hansen' => "Hansen", 'Harcourt' => "Harcourt", 'Hardwicke' => "Hardwicke", 'Harlan' => "Harlan", 'Harper' => "Harper", 'Harris' => "Harris", 'Hartert' => "Hartert", 'Hartig' => "Hartig", 'Hartlaub' => "Hartlaub", 'Hatcher' => "Hatcher", 'Hatschek' => "Hatschek", 'Haubold' => "Haubold", 'Haworth' => "Haworth", 'Hay' => "Hay", 'Head' => "Head", 'Heaney' => "Heaney", 'Heckel' => "Heckel", 'Heemstra' => "Heemstra", 'Hellén' => "Hellén", 'Hellmayr' => "Hellmayr", 'Hemprich' => "Hemprich", 'Henle' => "Henle", 'Henshaw' => "Henshaw", 'Hentz' => "Hentz", 'Herbst' => "Herbst", 'Herdman' => "Herdman", 'Hering' => "Hering", 'Hermann' => "Hermann", 'Herre' => "Herre", 'Herrich-Schäffer' => "Herrich-Schäffer", 'Hertlein' => "Hertlein", 'Heude' => "Heude", 'Heuglin' => "Heuglin", 'Hewitson' => "Hewitson", 'Heymons' => "Heymons", 'Hildebrand' => "Hildebrand", 'Hilgendorf' => "Hilgendorf", 'Hilsenberg' => "Hilsenberg", 'Hinton' => "Hinton", 'Hirohito' => "Hirohito", 'Hiyama' => "Hiyama", 'Hodgson' => "Hodgson", 'Hoese' => "Hoese", 'Hoffmannsegg' => "Hoffmannsegg", 'Hoffstetter' => "Hoffstetter", 'Holbrook' => "Holbrook", 'Holland' => "Holland", 'Holmberg' => "Holmberg", 'Holthuis' => "Holthuis", 'Hombron' => "Hombron", 'Horner' => "Horner", 'Horsfield' => "Horsfield", 'Hose' => "Hose", 'Houttuyn' => "Houttuyn", 'Howard' => "Howard", 'A. H. Howell' => "A. H. Howell", 'Hoyle' => "Hoyle", 'Hu' => "Hu", 'Hübner' => "Hübner", 'Hubbs' => "Hubbs", 'Huene' => "Huene", 'von Huene' => "von Huene", 'Hulke' => "Hulke", 'Hume' => "Hume", 'Humphrey' => "Humphrey", 'Hunt' => "Hunt", 'Hutt' => "Hutt", 'Huxley' => "Huxley", 'Hwang' => "Hwang", 'Ida' => "Ida", 'Iredale' => "Iredale", 'Illiger' => "Illiger", 'Ivantsoff' => "Ivantsoff", 'Ivie' => "Ivie", 'Iwai' => "Iwai", 'Jacquin' => "Jacquin", 'Jacquinot' => "Jacquinot", 'Jain' => "Jain", 'Jakowlew' => "Jakowlew", 'Jameson' => "Jameson", 'Janensch' => "Janensch", 'Janson' => "Janson", 'Jardine' => "Jardine", 'Jebb' => "Jebb", 'Jenkins' => "Jenkins", 'A. P. Jenkins' => "A. P. Jenkins", 'Jensen' => "Jensen", 'Jerdon' => "Jerdon", 'Q. Ji' => "Q. Ji", 'S. Ji' => "S. Ji", 'Jiménez de la Espada ' => "Jiménez de la Espada ", 'Jocqué' => "Jocqué", 'G. D. Johnson' => "G. D. Johnson", 'Jordan' => "Jordan", 'K. Jordan' => "K. Jordan", 'Jouanin' => "Jouanin", 'Karsch' => "Karsch", 'Katayama' => "Katayama", 'Kaup' => "Kaup", 'Keferstein' => "Keferstein", 'Kelaart' => "Kelaart", 'Kellner' => "Kellner", 'Kennedy' => "Kennedy", 'Kennicott' => "Kennicott", 'Kerr' => "Kerr", 'Kessler' => "Kessler", 'Keulemans' => "Keulemans", 'Keyserling' => "Keyserling", 'Kielan-Jaworowska' => "Kielan-Jaworowska", 'King' => "King", 'Kinnear' => "Kinnear", 'Kirby' => "Kirby", 'W. F. Kirby' => "W. F. Kirby", 'Kirkaldy' => "Kirkaldy", 'Kirkland' => "Kirkland", 'Kittlitz' => "Kittlitz", 'O. Kleinschmidt' => "O. Kleinschmidt", 'Kloss' => "Kloss", 'Klotzsch' => "Klotzsch", 'Klug' => "Klug", 'Kner' => "Kner", 'Knoch' => "Knoch", 'Kobayashi' => "Kobayashi", 'C. L. Koch' => "C. L. Koch", 'L. Koch' => "L. Koch", 'Koelz' => "Koelz", 'Kolbe' => "Kolbe", 'Kollar' => "Kollar", 'Konings' => "Konings", 'Konow' => "Konow", 'Kotlyar' => "Kotlyar", 'Kotthaus' => "Kotthaus", 'Kraglievich' => "Kraglievich", 'Kraatz' => "Kraatz", 'Krauss' => "Krauss", 'Krabbe' => "Krabbe", 'Krefft' => "Krefft", 'Kriechbaumer' => "Kriechbaumer", 'Krohn' => "Krohn", 'Ksepka' => "Ksepka", 'Kuhl' => "Kuhl", 'Kuiter' => "Kuiter", 'Kulczynski' => "Kulczynski", 'Kuroda' => "Kuroda", 'Kurzanov' => "Kurzanov", 'Labillardière' => "Labillardière", 'Lacépède' => "Lacépède", 'Lacordaire' => "Lacordaire", 'Lafresnaye' => "Lafresnaye", 'Laicharting' => "Laicharting", 'Lamarck' => "Lamarck", 'Lamanna' => "Lamanna", 'Lambe' => "Lambe", 'Lambrecht' => "Lambrecht", 'Lameere' => "Lameere", 'Landbeck' => "Landbeck", 'Langer' => "Langer", 'Langston' => "Langston", 'Laporte' => "Laporte", 'Lapparent' => "Lapparent", 'de Lapparent' => "de Lapparent", 'Larson' => "Larson", 'Latham' => "Latham", 'Latreille' => "Latreille", 'Laurenti' => "Laurenti", 'Laurillard' => "Laurillard", 'Lavocat' => "Lavocat", 'Lawrence' => "Lawrence", 'Laxmann' => "Laxmann", 'Layard' => "Layard", 'LeConte' => "LeConte", 'Leach' => "Leach", 'Leach' => "Leach", 'Lee' => "Lee", 'Leech' => "Leech", 'Lehtinen' => "Lehtinen", 'Leidy' => "Leidy", 'Leisler' => "Leisler", 'Le Leouff' => "Le Leouff", 'Lembeye' => "Lembeye", 'Lepeletier' => "Lepeletier", 'Lesson' => "Lesson", 'Le Souef' => "Le Souef", 'Lesueur' => "Lesueur", 'Leuckart' => "Leuckart", 'Leussler' => "Leussler", 'C.K. Li' => "C.K. Li", 'D.Q. Li' => "D.Q. Li", 'Lichtenstein' => "Lichtenstein", 'Lilljeborg' => "Lilljeborg", 'Link' => "Link", 'Linnaeus' => "Linnaeus", 'Linsley' => "Linsley", 'Lintner' => "Lintner", 'Loche' => "Loche", 'Lönnberg' => "Lönnberg", 'Lowe' => "Lowe", 'Lowe' => "Lowe", 'Lü' => "Lü", 'Lubbock' => "Lubbock", 'Lucas' => "Lucas", 'F.A. Lucas' => "F.A. Lucas", 'S.G. Lucas' => "S.G. Lucas", 'Lull' => "Lull", 'Lund' => "Lund", 'Lütken' => "Lütken", 'Lydekker' => "Lydekker", 'Lyon' => "Lyon", 'Mabile' => "Mabile", 'Mackovicky' => "Mackovicky", 'Makela' => "Makela", 'Malaise' => "Malaise", 'Maleev' => "Maleev", 'Mannerheim' => "Mannerheim", 'Mantell' => "Mantell", 'Marcus' => "Marcus", 'Marinescu' => "Marinescu", 'Marples' => "Marples", 'Marsh' => "Marsh", 'Martill' => "Martill", 'Martin' => "Martin", 'C. Martin' => "C. Martin", 'Martinez' => "Martinez", 'Maryanska' => "Maryanska", 'Massy' => "Massy", 'Mateus' => "Mateus", 'Mathews' => "Mathews", 'Matley' => "Matley", 'Matschie' => "Matschie", 'Matsubara' => "Matsubara", 'Matsumura' => "Matsumura", 'Matsuura' => "Matsuura", 'Mayr' => "Mayr", 'McCulloch' => "McCulloch", 'McLachlan' => "McLachlan", 'Meade-Waldo' => "Meade-Waldo", 'Mearns' => "Mearns", 'Meek' => "Meek", 'Meguro' => "Meguro", 'Méhely' => "Méhely", 'Meigen' => "Meigen", 'Mello-Leitão' => "Mello-Leitão", 'Menezes' => "Menezes", 'Ménétries' => "Ménétries", 'Merrem' => "Merrem", 'Merriam' => "Merriam", 'Metschnikoff' => "Metschnikoff", 'Meyen' => "Meyen", 'Meyer' => "Meyer", 'Meyer' => "Meyer", 'von Meyer' => "von Meyer", 'A. B. Meyer' => "A. B. Meyer", 'Meyer de Schauensee' => "Meyer de Schauensee", 'Meyrick' => "Meyrick", 'Michener' => "Michener", 'Midd.' => "Midd.", 'Midgley' => "Midgley", 'Miles' => "Miles", 'Miller' => "Miller", 'A. H. Miller' => "A. H. Miller", 'J. F. Miller' => "J. F. Miller", 'L. H. Miller' => "L. H. Miller", 'R. R. Miller' => "R. R. Miller", 'Millet' => "Millet", 'Milne-Edwards' => "Milne-Edwards", 'A. Milne-Edwards' => "A. Milne-Edwards", 'Milner' => "Milner", 'Miranda-Ribeiro' => "Miranda-Ribeiro", 'P. Miranda-Ribeiro' => "P. Miranda-Ribeiro", 'Mitchell' => "Mitchell", 'Mitchill' => "Mitchill", 'Mitra' => "Mitra", 'Mizuno' => "Mizuno", 'Mochizuki' => "Mochizuki", 'Mocsáry' => "Mocsáry", 'Mohr' => "Mohr", 'Molina' => "Molina", 'Molnar' => "Molnar", 'Mondolfi' => "Mondolfi", 'Montagu' => "Montagu", 'Moore' => "Moore", 'J.C. Moore' => "J.C. Moore", 'Mori' => "Mori", 'Moreno' => "Moreno", 'Morrow' => "Morrow", 'Mortensen' => "Mortensen", 'Motschulsky' => "Motschulsky", 'Mourer-Chauviré' => "Mourer-Chauviré", 'Moyer' => "Moyer", 'Muche' => "Muche", 'Müller' => "Müller", 'O. F. Müller' => "O. F. Müller", 'S. Müller' => "S. Müller", 'Mulsant' => "Mulsant", 'Munday' => "Munday", 'Murphy' => "Murphy", 'Murray' => "Murray", 'Muttkowski' => "Muttkowski", 'Nabokov' => "Nabokov", 'Naef' => "Naef", 'Nagao' => "Nagao", 'Naish' => "Naish", 'J. F. Naumann' => "J. F. Naumann", 'Natterer' => "Natterer", 'Navás' => "Navás", 'Nehring' => "Nehring", 'Nelson' => "Nelson", 'Nessov' => "Nessov", 'Neumoegen' => "Neumoegen", 'Newman' => "Newman", 'A. Newton' => "A. Newton", 'E. Newton' => "E. Newton", 'Nichols' => "Nichols", 'Nichols' => "Nichols", 'Nielsen' => "Nielsen", 'Nikolskii' => "Nikolskii", 'Nilsson' => "Nilsson", 'Nitsche' => "Nitsche", 'Noble' => "Noble", 'Nopcsa' => "Nopcsa", 'Norell' => "Norell", 'Norman' => "Norman", 'D. Norman' => "D. Norman", 'North' => "North", 'Novas' => "Novas", 'Nowinski' => "Nowinski", 'Nuttall' => "Nuttall", 'Nylander' => "Nylander", 'Oberholser' => "Oberholser", 'Oberthür' => "Oberthür", 'Ochiai' => "Ochiai", 'Ogilby' => "Ogilby", 'J.D. Ogilby' => "J.D. Ogilby", 'Ogilvie-Grant' => "Ogilvie-Grant", 'Ognev' => "Ognev", 'Oguma' => "Oguma", 'Okamoto' => "Okamoto", 'Oken' => "Oken", 'Okumura' => "Okumura", 'Olfers' => "Olfers", 'Oliver' => "Oliver", 'Olivi' => "Olivi", 'Olivier' => "Olivier", 'Olson' => "Olson", 'Oppel' => "Oppel", 'Ord' => "Ord", 'Osbeck' => "Osbeck", 'Osborn' => "Osborn", 'Osgood' => "Osgood", 'Osi' => "Osi", 'Osmólska' => "Osmólska", 'Ostrom' => "Ostrom", 'Oudemans' => "Oudemans", 'Oustalet' => "Oustalet", 'Owen' => "Owen", 'Packard' => "Packard", 'Pallas' => "Pallas", 'Palmer' => "Palmer", 'Panzer' => "Panzer", 'Parenti' => "Parenti", 'Parks' => "Parks", 'Patzner' => "Patzner", 'Paul' => "Paul", 'Peale' => "Peale", 'Pearson' => "Pearson", 'Pelzeln' => "Pelzeln", 'Pennant' => "Pennant", 'M. L. Penrith' => "M. L. Penrith", 'Perez-Moreno' => "Perez-Moreno", 'Perle' => "Perle", 'Péron' => "Péron", 'Perty' => "Perty", 'Peters' => "Peters", 'D.S. Peters' => "D.S. Peters", 'J.L. Peters' => "J.L. Peters", 'Petrunkevitch' => "Petrunkevitch", 'Philippi' => "Philippi", 'Pickard-Cambridge' => "Pickard-Cambridge", 'Pilsbry' => "Pilsbry", 'Platnick' => "Platnick", 'Pocock' => "Pocock", 'Poda' => "Poda", 'Poey' => "Poey", 'Poeppig' => "Poeppig", 'Pol' => "Pol", 'Pomel' => "Pomel", 'Pompeckj' => "Pompeckj", 'Pontoppidan' => "Pontoppidan", 'Pope' => "Pope", 'Potts' => "Potts", 'Pouyaud' => "Pouyaud", 'Powell' => "Powell", 'Pruvot-Fol' => "Pruvot-Fol", 'Przewalski' => "Przewalski", 'Pucheran' => "Pucheran", 'Purcell' => "Purcell", 'Quatrefages' => "Quatrefages", 'Quoy' => "Quoy", 'Raath' => "Raath", 'Rachmatika' => "Rachmatika", 'Rackett' => "Rackett", 'Radcliffe' => "Radcliffe", 'Radde' => "Radde", 'Rafinesque' => "Rafinesque", 'Raffles' => "Raffles", 'Rajasuriya' => "Rajasuriya", 'Rambur' => "Rambur", 'Ramos' => "Ramos", 'E. P. Ramsay' => "E. P. Ramsay", 'Rand' => "Rand", 'Randall' => "Randall", 'Rathbun' => "Rathbun", 'Rathke' => "Rathke", 'Ratzeburg' => "Ratzeburg", 'Rauhut' => "Rauhut", 'Razoumowsky' => "Razoumowsky", 'Reakirt' => "Reakirt", 'Regan' => "Regan", 'Regel' => "Regel", 'Régimbart' => "Régimbart", 'Reichenbach' => "Reichenbach", 'Reichenow' => "Reichenow", 'Reig' => "Reig", 'Reinhardt' => "Reinhardt", 'Reinhart' => "Reinhart", 'Renyaan' => "Renyaan", 'Retzius' => "Retzius", 'Riabinin' => "Riabinin", 'Rich' => "Rich", 'Richardson' => "Richardson", 'Richmond' => "Richmond", 'Ridgway' => "Ridgway", 'Riggs' => "Riggs", 'Riley' => "Riley", 'Ripley' => "Ripley", 'Ris' => "Ris", 'Risso' => "Risso", 'Rivero' => "Rivero", 'Roberts' => "Roberts", 'Robertson' => "Robertson", 'Robinson' => "Robinson", 'Robison' => "Robison", 'Robson' => "Robson", 'Röding ' => "Röding ", 'Roewer' => "Roewer", 'Rogenhofer' => "Rogenhofer", 'Rohwer' => "Rohwer", 'Roniewicz' => "Roniewicz", 'Ross' => "Ross", 'Rossi' => "Rossi", 'Rossignol' => "Rossignol", 'Rossman' => "Rossman", 'Rothschild' => "Rothschild", 'Roxas' => "Roxas", 'Rozhdestvensky' => "Rozhdestvensky", 'Rudolphi' => "Rudolphi", 'Rüppell' => "Rüppell", 'Russell' => "Russell", 'Ryder' => "Ryder", 'Sakamoto' => "Sakamoto", 'Salgado' => "Salgado", 'Salter' => "Salter", 'Salvadori' => "Salvadori", 'Salvin' => "Salvin", 'Samouelle' => "Samouelle", 'Sampson' => "Sampson", 'Sanborn' => "Sanborn", 'Santschi' => "Santschi", 'G. O. Sars' => "G. O. Sars", 'M. Sars' => "M. Sars", 'Satunin' => "Satunin", 'Saunders' => "Saunders", 'Saussure' => "Saussure", 'Savi' => "Savi", 'Savigny' => "Savigny", 'Saville-Kent' => "Saville-Kent", 'Savornin' => "Savornin", 'Say' => "Say", 'Schaum' => "Schaum", 'Schinz' => "Schinz", 'Schiapelli' => "Schiapelli", 'Schiffermüller' => "Schiffermüller", 'Schiödte' => "Schiödte", 'Schlaikjer' => "Schlaikjer", 'Schlegel' => "Schlegel", 'Schmidt' => "Schmidt", 'Schnabl' => "Schnabl", 'Schneider' => "Schneider", 'Schoepf(f)' => "Schoepf(f)", 'Schönherr' => "Schönherr", 'Schomburgk' => "Schomburgk", 'Schrank' => "Schrank", 'Schreber' => "Schreber", 'Schren(c)k' => "Schren(c)k", 'Schultz' => "Schultz", 'P. L. Sclater' => "P. L. Sclater", 'W. L. Sclater' => "W. L. Sclater", 'Scopoli' => "Scopoli", 'Scudder' => "Scudder", 'Seebohm' => "Seebohm", 'Seeley' => "Seeley", 'Selby' => "Selby", 'Sélys' => "Sélys", 'Semenov-Tian-Shanskii' => "Semenov-Tian-Shanskii", 'Sereno' => "Sereno", 'Serville' => "Serville", 'Sevastianov' => "Sevastianov", 'Severtzov' => "Severtzov", 'Sharpe' => "Sharpe", 'Shaw' => "Shaw", 'Shelley' => "Shelley", 'Shen' => "Shen", 'Shuckard' => "Shuckard", 'Sick' => "Sick", 'Sideleva' => "Sideleva", 'Siebold' => "Siebold", 'Silvestri' => "Silvestri", 'Simon' => "Simon", 'Simpson' => "Simpson", 'Slipinski' => "Slipinski", 'Smith' => "Smith", 'Hamilton Smith' => "Hamilton Smith", 'E. Smith' => "E. Smith", 'F. Smith' => "F. Smith", 'J.E. Smith' => "J.E. Smith", 'J.L.B. Smith' => "J.L.B. Smith", 'M.A. Smith' => "M.A. Smith", 'S.I. Smith' => "S.I. Smith", 'W.L. Smith' => "W.L. Smith", 'Snellen von Vollenhoven' => "Snellen von Vollenhoven", 'Snodgrass' => "Snodgrass", 'Soeroto' => "Soeroto", 'Sollas' => "Sollas", 'Spallanzani' => "Spallanzani", 'Sparrman' => "Sparrman", 'Spencer' => "Spencer", 'Spinola' => "Spinola", 'Spix' => "Spix", 'Stahnke' => "Stahnke", 'Stainton' => "Stainton", 'Starks' => "Starks", 'Statius Muller' => "Statius Muller", 'Staudinger' => "Staudinger", 'Stebbing' => "Stebbing", 'Steenstrup' => "Steenstrup", 'Steere' => "Steere", 'Stein' => "Stein", 'Steindachner' => "Steindachner", 'Stejneger' => "Stejneger", 'Stephens' => "Stephens", 'Sternberg' => "Sternberg", 'Sternberg' => "Sternberg", 'D. J. Stewart' => "D. J. Stewart", 'Stolzmann' => "Stolzmann", 'Stoll' => "Stoll", 'Storr' => "Storr", 'Stovall' => "Stovall", 'Strand' => "Strand", 'Strauch' => "Strauch", 'Streets' => "Streets", 'Stresemann' => "Stresemann", 'Strickland' => "Strickland", 'Stritt' => "Stritt", 'Ström' => "Ström", 'Stromer' => "Stromer", 'Struhsaker' => "Struhsaker", 'Su' => "Su", 'Such' => "Such", 'Suckley' => "Suckley", 'Sues' => "Sues", 'Sullivan' => "Sullivan", 'Sulzer' => "Sulzer", 'Sundevall' => "Sundevall", 'Swainson' => "Swainson", 'Swann' => "Swann", 'Swinhoe' => "Swinhoe", 'Sykes' => "Sykes", 'Taczanowski' => "Taczanowski", 'Talbot' => "Talbot", 'Taliev' => "Taliev", 'Tang' => "Tang", 'Taquet' => "Taquet", 'Taschenberg' => "Taschenberg", 'Tate' => "Tate", 'W. M. Tattersall' => "W. M. Tattersall", 'Taylor' => "Taylor", 'L. R. Taylor' => "L. R. Taylor", 'Temminck' => "Temminck", 'Templeton' => "Templeton", 'Thayer' => "Thayer", 'Theischinger' => "Theischinger", 'Thiele' => "Thiele", 'Thomas' => "Thomas", 'Thomson' => "Thomson", 'Thorell' => "Thorell", 'Thunberg' => "Thunberg", 'Tjakrawidjaja' => "Tjakrawidjaja", 'Ticehurst' => "Ticehurst", 'Tidwell' => "Tidwell", 'Timberlake' => "Timberlake", 'Tischbein' => "Tischbein", 'Toledo-Piza' => "Toledo-Piza", 'Tomes' => "Tomes", 'Townsend' => "Townsend", 'C. H. Townsend' => "C. H. Townsend", 'Traill' => "Traill", 'Trewavas' => "Trewavas", 'Tristram' => "Tristram", 'Troschel' => "Troschel", 'Trouessart' => "Trouessart", 'True' => "True", 'Trybom' => "Trybom", 'Tschudi' => "Tschudi", 'Tsogtbaatar' => "Tsogtbaatar", 'Tumanova' => "Tumanova", 'Turton' => "Turton", 'Tutt' => "Tutt", 'Tytler' => "Tytler", 'Uhler' => "Uhler", 'Vaillant' => "Vaillant", 'Valenciennes' => "Valenciennes", 'Van Denburgh' => "Van Denburgh", 'Vander Linden' => "Vander Linden", 'Varricchio' => "Varricchio", 'E. Verreaux' => "E. Verreaux", 'J. Verreaux' => "J. Verreaux", 'Verrill' => "Verrill", 'Vickaryous' => "Vickaryous", 'Vickers-Rich' => "Vickers-Rich", 'P. Rich' => "P. Rich", 'Vieillot' => "Vieillot", 'Vieweg' => "Vieweg", 'Vigors' => "Vigors", 'Villers' => "Villers", 'Vladykov' => "Vladykov", 'Wagler' => "Wagler", 'Wagner' => "Wagner", 'Wahlberg' => "Wahlberg", 'Walbaum' => "Walbaum", 'Walch' => "Walch", 'Walckenaer' => "Walckenaer", 'Walker' => "Walker", 'A. Walker' => "A. Walker", 'F. Walker' => "F. Walker", 'Wall' => "Wall", 'Wallace' => "Wallace", 'Wallengren' => "Wallengren", 'Walsh' => "Walsh", 'Waltl' => "Waltl", 'X.L. Wang' => "X.L. Wang", 'Y.Q. Wang' => "Y.Q. Wang", 'Watabe' => "Watabe", 'Waterhouse' => "Waterhouse", 'Weber' => "Weber", 'Wegrzynowicz' => "Wegrzynowicz", 'Weigold' => "Weigold", 'Weishampel' => "Weishampel", 'Welles' => "Welles", 'Westwood' => "Westwood", 'Wetmore' => "Wetmore", 'Weyenbergh' => "Weyenbergh", 'Wiedemann' => "Wiedemann", 'Wied-Neuwied' => "Wied-Neuwied", 'Wiegmann' => "Wiegmann", 'Williams' => "Williams", 'Williamson' => "Williamson", 'Wilson' => "Wilson", 'Wilson' => "Wilson", 'Wiman' => "Wiman", 'Wingate' => "Wingate", 'Winge' => "Winge", 'Wirjoatmodjo' => "Wirjoatmodjo", 'Wolfe' => "Wolfe", 'Wood-Mason' => "Wood-Mason", 'Woodhouse' => "Woodhouse", 'Woodward' => "Woodward", 'Wroughton' => "Wroughton", 'Xantus' => "Xantus", 'Xu' => "Xu", 'Yamaguchi' => "Yamaguchi", 'Yamaguti' => "Yamaguti", 'Yamanoue' => "Yamanoue", 'Yang' => "Yang", 'Young' => "Young", 'Yarrell' => "Yarrell", 'Yoseda' => "Yoseda", 'You' => "You", 'Young' => "Young", 'Zaddach' => "Zaddach", 'Zanno' => "Zanno", 'Zeledon' => "Zeledon", 'Zeller' => "Zeller", 'Zetterstedt' => "Zetterstedt", 'Zhao' => "Zhao", 'S. Zhou' => "S. Zhou", 'Zimmer' => "Zimmer", 'Zimmermann' => "Zimmermann", 'Zincken' => "Zincken", 'Zirngiebl' => "Zirngiebl", 'Zittel' => "Zittel" );

my %xbotanist = ( 'Aarons.' => "Aarons.",  'Abbayes' => "Abbayes",  'Acuña' => "Acuña",  'Ach.' => "Ach.",  'Adams' => "Adams",  'P.B.Adams' => "P.B.Adams",  'Adans.' => "Adans.",  'Aellen' => "Aellen",  'Afzel.' => "Afzel.",  'C.Agardh' => "C.Agardh",  'J.Agardh' => "J.Agardh",  'H.E.Ahles' => "H.E.Ahles",  'W.T.Aiton' => "W.T.Aiton",  'Aiton' => "Aiton",  'Akhani' => "Akhani",  'Al-Shehbaz' => "Al-Shehbaz",  'Alb.' => "Alb.",  'Alexander' => "Alexander",  'E.B.Alexeev' => "E.B.Alexeev", 'F.Allam.' => "F.Allam.", 'Allemão' => "Allemão", 'M.Allemão' => "M.Allemão", 'All.' => "All.", 'Allred' => "Allred", 'Alpino' => "Alpino", 'Ames' => "Ames", 'Andersson' => "Andersson", 'Anders.' => "Anders.", 'E.G.Andrews' => "E.G.Andrews", 'Andrews' => "Andrews", 'Andrz.' => "Andrz.", 'Andronov' => "Andronov", 'Arcang.' => "Arcang.", 'Ard.' => "Ard.", 'Arn.' => "Arn.", 'Arora' => "Arora", 'Arráb.' => "Arráb.", 'Arruda' => "Arruda", 'Arthur' => "Arthur", 'Asch.' => "Asch.", 'Ashe' => "Ashe", 'G.F.Atk.' => "G.F.Atk.", 'Aubl.' => "Aubl.", 'Austin' => "Austin", 'Avé-Lall.' => "Avé-Lall.", 'C.Bab.' => "C.Bab.", 'Backeb.' => "Backeb.", 'Baill.' => "Baill.", 'F.M.Bailey' => "F.M.Bailey", 'L.H.Bailey' => "L.H.Bailey", 'Baill.' => "Baill.", 'Baillon' => "Baillon", 'Baker' => "Baker", 'M.S.Baker' => "M.S.Baker", 'Baldwin' => "Baldwin", 'Balf.f.' => "Balf.f.", 'Balf.' => "Balf.", 'C.R.Ball' => "C.R.Ball", 'P.W.Ball' => "P.W.Ball", 'P.R.O.Bally' => "P.R.O.Bally", 'Bals.-Criv.' => "Bals.-Criv.", 'Banks' => "Banks", 'Barb.Rodr.' => "Barb.Rodr.", 'Bard.-Vauc.' => "Bard.-Vauc.", 'Barneby' => "Barneby", 'Barnhart' => "Barnhart", 'Barr' => "Barr", 'Barratt' => "Barratt", 'G.M.Barroso' => "G.M.Barroso", 'Barroso' => "Barroso", 'Bartal.' => "Bartal.", 'Bartlett' => "Bartlett", 'Bartl.' => "Bartl.", 'Barton' => "Barton", 'W.P.C.Barton' => "W.P.C.Barton", 'Bartram' => "Bartram", 'W.Bartram' => "W.Bartram", 'Bates' => "Bates", 'Batsch' => "Batsch", 'Batt.' => "Batt.", 'C.Bauhin' => "C.Bauhin", 'J.Bauhin' => "J.Bauhin", 'Baumg.' => "Baumg.", 'R.J.Bayer' => "R.J.Bayer", 'Beadle' => "Beadle", 'Bean' => "Bean", 'P.Beauv.' => "P.Beauv.", 'Bebb' => "Bebb", 'Becc.' => "Becc.", 'Beck' => "Beck", 'Becker' => "Becker", 'Bedd.' => "Bedd.", 'Beetle' => "Beetle", 'Bég.' => "Bég.", 'Beitel' => "Beitel", 'Bellardi' => "Bellardi", 'Beloserky' => "Beloserky", 'Benjamin' => "Benjamin", 'Benn.' => "Benn.", 'Benth.' => "Benth.", 'Bentley' => "Bentley", 'Berg' => "Berg", 'C.C.Berg' => "C.C.Berg", 'O.Berg' => "O.Berg", 'Berger' => "Berger", 'A.Berger' => "A.Berger", 'Bergey' => "Bergey", 'P.J.Bergius' => "P.J.Bergius", 'Berk.' => "Berk.", 'Berkhout' => "Berkhout", 'R.Bernal' => "R.Bernal", 'Bernh.' => "Bernh.", 'E.W.Berry' => "E.W.Berry", 'P.E.Berry' => "P.E.Berry", 'Berthel.' => "Berthel.", 'Bertol.' => "Bertol.", 'Besser' => "Besser", 'Bessey' => "Bessey", 'Bews' => "Bews", 'Beyr.' => "Beyr.", 'Bickn.' => "Bickn.", 'M.Bieb.' => "M.Bieb.", 'Biehler' => "Biehler", 'Bigelow' => "Bigelow", 'Biv.' => "Biv.", 'J.M.Black' => "J.M.Black", 'S.T.Blake' => "S.T.Blake", 'S.F.Blake' => "S.F.Blake", 'Blake' => "Blake", 'Blanch.' => "Blanch.", 'Blanco' => "Blanco", 'Blasdell' => "Blasdell", 'Blomq.' => "Blomq.", 'Bluff' => "Bluff", 'Blume' => "Blume", 'Böcher' => "Böcher", 'H.Bock' => "H.Bock", 'Boeck' => "Boeck", 'Boehm.' => "Boehm.", 'Boiss.' => "Boiss.", 'Boiteau' => "Boiteau", 'B.Boivin' => "B.Boivin", 'Bolle' => "Bolle", 'Bong' => "Bong", 'Bonpl.' => "Bonpl.", 'Boott' => "Boott", 'Borbás' => "Borbás", 'Boreau' => "Boreau", 'Borhidi' => "Borhidi", 'Boriss.' => "Boriss.", 'Borkh.' => "Borkh.", 'Bornm.' => "Bornm.", 'Börner' => "Börner", 'Borrer' => "Borrer", 'Borss.-Waalk.' => "Borss.-Waalk.", 'Bory' => "Bory", 'Bosc' => "Bosc", 'Boucher' => "Boucher", 'Brack.' => "Brack.", 'Brainerd' => "Brainerd", 'Brandão' => "Brandão", 'Brandegee' => "Brandegee", 'Brandenburg' => "Brandenburg", 'Brandis' => "Brandis", 'Branner' => "Branner", 'A.Braun' => "A.Braun", 'A.Braun' => "A.Braun", 'E.L.Braun' => "E.L.Braun", 'Brenan' => "Brenan", 'Brenckle' => "Brenckle", 'W.H.Brewer' => "W.H.Brewer", 'Bright' => "Bright", 'Britten' => "Britten", 'Britt.' => "Britt.", 'Britton' => "Britton", 'Bromhead' => "Bromhead", 'Brongn.' => "Brongn.", 'Al.Brongn.' => "Al.Brongn.", 'Brooker' => "Brooker", 'Brooks' => "Brooks", 'Brooks' => "Brooks", 'Broome' => "Broome", 'Brot.' => "Brot.", 'Brouillet' => "Brouillet", 'Broun' => "Broun", 'Brouss' => "Brouss", 'N.E.Br.' => "N.E.Br.", 'R.Br.' => "R.Br.", 'P.Browne' => "P.Browne", 'Bruijn' => "Bruijn", 'Brummitt' => "Brummitt", 'Brunet' => "Brunet", 'Bruyns' => "Bruyns", 'Buch.-Ham.' => "Buch.-Ham.", 'Buchenau' => "Buchenau", 'W.R.Buck' => "W.R.Buck", 'Buckland' => "Buckland", 'Buckley' => "Buckley", 'Buddle' => "Buddle", 'Bunge' => "Bunge", 'Burbank' => "Burbank", 'Burb.' => "Burb.", 'N.T.Burb.' => "N.T.Burb.", 'Burdet' => "Burdet", 'Bureau' => "Bureau", 'Burgess' => "Burgess", 'Burm.' => "Burm.", 'Burm.f.' => "Burm.f.", 'Burret' => "Burret", 'Burrill' => "Burrill", 'Bush' => "Bush", 'Butler' => "Butler", 'Buxb' => "Buxb", 'Cabrera' => "Cabrera", 'Calder' => "Calder", 'Caley' => "Caley", 'Cambage' => "Cambage", 'Cambess.' => "Cambess.", 'Camp' => "Camp", 'Cambp.' => "Cambp.", 'A.Camus' => "A.Camus", 'Canby' => "Canby", 'F.Y.Cao' => "F.Y.Cao", 'Capuron' => "Capuron", 'J.Carey' => "J.Carey", 'Caro' => "Caro", 'Carrière' => "Carrière", 'Carruth.' => "Carruth.", 'S.Carter' => "S.Carter", 'Carver' => "Carver", 'Casp.' => "Casp.", 'Cass.' => "Cass.", 'Cav.' => "Cav.", 'Cavara' => "Cavara", 'Celak.' => "Celak.", 'Cerv.' => "Cerv.", 'Ces.' => "Ces.", 'Cesalpino' => "Cesalpino", 'Cham.' => "Cham.", 'S.L.Chang' => "S.L.Chang", 'Chapm.' => "Chapm.", 'Chase' => "Chase", 'M.W.Chase' => "M.W.Chase", 'Châtel.' => "Châtel.", 'Chaub.' => "Chaub.", 'W.C.Cheng' => "W.C.Cheng", 'A.Chev.' => "A.Chev.", 'Chiov.' => "Chiov.", 'Chodat' => "Chodat", 'Choisy' => "Choisy", 'C.Chr.' => "C.Chr.", 'T.A.Chr.' => "T.A.Chr.", 'G.L.Church' => "G.L.Church", 'Clairv.' => "Clairv.", 'A.R.Clapham' => "A.R.Clapham", 'Clark' => "Clark", 'C.A.Clark' => "C.A.Clark", 'C.B.Clarke' => "C.B.Clarke", 'Claus' => "Claus", 'R.T.Clausen' => "R.T.Clausen", 'Clus.' => "Clus.", 'Clute' => "Clute", 'Cogn.' => "Cogn.", 'Colebr.' => "Colebr.", 'Colla' => "Colla", 'Collad.' => "Collad.", 'Collinson' => "Collinson", 'Comm.' => "Comm.", 'Conrad' => "Conrad", 'Conran' => "Conran", 'Constance' => "Constance", 'O.F.Cook' => "O.F.Cook", 'Cooke' => "Cooke", 'Cookson' => "Cookson", 'Cooperr.' => "Cooperr.", 'Corner' => "Corner", 'Correll' => "Correll", 'Cory' => "Cory", 'Coss.' => "Coss.", 'J.M.Coult.' => "J.M.Coult.", 'Coult.' => "Coult.", 'Coville' => "Coville", 'Cranfill' => "Cranfill", 'Crantz' => "Crantz", 'Crép.' => "Crép.", 'Crins' => "Crins", 'Croizat' => "Croizat", 'Cronquist' => "Cronquist", 'A.Cunn.' => "A.Cunn.", 'M.A.Curtis' => "M.A.Curtis", 'W.Curtis' => "W.Curtis", 'W.M.Curtis' => "W.M.Curtis", 'Czern.' => "Czern.", 'Dahl' => "Dahl", 'Dahlst.' => "Dahlst.", 'G.Dahlgren' => "G.Dahlgren", 'R.Dahlgren' => "R.Dahlgren", 'Dandy' => "Dandy", 'Darl.' => "Darl.", 'Daubs' => "Daubs", 'Daveau' => "Daveau", 'Davenp.' => "Davenp.", 'David' => "David", 'A.DC.' => "A.DC.", 'C.DC.' => "C.DC.", 'DC.' => "DC.", 'Decne.' => "Decne.", 'De Bary' => "De Bary", 'De Puydt' => "De Puydt", 'De Vis' => "De Vis", 'De Vriese' => "De Vriese", 'de Wet' => "de Wet", 'De Wild.' => "De Wild.", 'Decne.' => "Decne.", 'O.Deg.' => "O.Deg.", 'Delahoussaye' => "Delahoussaye", 'Delavay' => "Delavay", 'Deless.' => "Deless.", 'Denis' => "Denis", 'Desf.' => "Desf.", 'N.H.F.Desp.' => "N.H.F.Desp.", 'Desr.' => "Desr.", 'Desv.' => "Desv.", 'Dewey' => "Dewey", 'Dewey' => "Dewey", 'Diels' => "Diels", 'A.Dietr.' => "A.Dietr.", 'D.Dietr.' => "D.Dietr.", 'Dill.' => "Dill.", 'C.S.Ding' => "C.S.Ding", 'Dode' => "Dode", 'Dodoens' => "Dodoens", 'Döll' => "Döll", 'Doweld' => "Doweld", 'D.Don' => "D.Don", 'G.Don' => "G.Don", 'Donn' => "Donn", 'Donn.Sm.' => "Donn.Sm.", 'Douglas' => "Douglas", 'Dowell' => "Dowell", 'Drake' => "Drake", 'Druce' => "Druce", 'Drude' => "Drude", 'J.Drumm.' => "J.Drumm.", 'Dryand.' => "Dryand.", 'Du Roi' => "Du Roi", 'Duby' => "Duby", 'Duchesne' => "Duchesne", 'Ducke' => "Ducke", 'Dufr.' => "Dufr.", 'Duggar' => "Duggar", 'Dulac' => "Dulac", 'Dum.Cours.' => "Dum.Cours.", 'Dumort.' => "Dumort.", 'Dunal' => "Dunal", 'Dunn' => "Dunn", 'Durand' => "Durand", 'T.Durand' => "T.Durand", 'Durazz.' => "Durazz.", 'Durieu' => "Durieu", 'Dyal' => "Dyal", 'Eames' => "Eames", 'A.J.Eames' => "A.J.Eames", 'Earle' => "Earle", 'Eaton' => "Eaton", 'A.A.Eaton' => "A.A.Eaton", 'D.C.Eaton' => "D.C.Eaton", 'H.H.Eaton' => "H.H.Eaton", 'Eckl.' => "Eckl.", 'Eddy' => "Eddy", 'Eggl.' => "Eggl.", 'Ehrenb.' => "Ehrenb.", 'Ehrend.' => "Ehrend.", 'Ehrh.' => "Ehrh.", 'Eichler' => "Eichler", 'Eichw.' => "Eichw.", 'Eig' => "Eig", 'Elliott' => "Elliott", 'Emory' => "Emory", 'Endl.' => "Endl.", 'P.K.Endress' => "P.K.Endress", 'Engel' => "Engel", 'Engelm.' => "Engelm.", 'Engl.' => "Engl.", 'Epling' => "Epling", 'Erdman' => "Erdman", 'Eschsch.' => "Eschsch.", 'Ettingsh.' => "Ettingsh.", 'Ewart' => "Ewart", 'Falc.' => "Falc.", 'D.Fairchild' => "D.Fairchild", 'Fang' => "Fang", 'Farrer' => "Farrer", 'Farw.' => "Farw.", 'Fassett' => "Fassett", 'M.F.Fay' => "M.F.Fay", 'Fee' => "Fee", 'Fenzl' => "Fenzl", 'Fern.' => "Fern.", 'Ferry' => "Ferry", 'Fieber' => "Fieber", 'Fiori' => "Fiori", 'Fisch.' => "Fisch.", 'Flüggé' => "Flüggé", 'Focke' => "Focke", 'Forbes' => "Forbes", 'Forssk.' => "Forssk.", 'G.Forst.' => "G.Forst.", 'J.R.Forst.' => "J.R.Forst.", 'T.F.Forst.' => "T.F.Forst.", 'Fortune' => "Fortune", 'Fosberg' => "Fosberg", 'Foug.' => "Foug.", 'Fourc.' => "Fourc.", 'E.Fourn.' => "E.Fourn.", 'Fr.' => "Fr.", 'R.E.Fr.' => "R.E.Fr.", 'Franch.' => "Franch.", 'Freckmann' => "Freckmann", 'Fresen' => "Fresen", 'Friedl' => "Friedl", 'Fritsch' => "Fritsch", 'Friv.' => "Friv.", 'Frém.' => "Frém.", 'Froel.' => "Froel.", 'L.K.Fu' => "L.K.Fu", 'H.P.Fuchs' => "H.P.Fuchs", 'L.Fuchs' => "L.Fuchs", 'Gaertn.' => "Gaertn.", 'P.Gaertn.' => "P.Gaertn.", 'Gagnep.' => "Gagnep.", 'Gale' => "Gale", 'Galushko' => "Galushko", 'Gamble' => "Gamble", 'Garcke' => "Garcke", 'Gandhi' => "Gandhi", 'Gardner' => "Gardner", 'C.A.Gardner' => "C.A.Gardner", 'Gatt.' => "Gatt.", 'Gaudich.' => "Gaudich.", 'J.Gay' => "J.Gay", 'Genev.' => "Genev.", 'Gentry' => "Gentry", 'J.L.Gentry' => "J.L.Gentry", 'J.Gerard' => "J.Gerard", 'Gesner' => "Gesner", 'Gesnerus' => "Gesnerus", 'Geyer' => "Geyer", 'Ghini' => "Ghini", 'Gibbs' => "Gibbs", 'Gilg' => "Gilg", 'Gilib.' => "Gilib.", 'Gillies' => "Gillies", 'Gillis' => "Gillis", 'Gilly' => "Gilly", 'Gleason' => "Gleason", 'Gloxin' => "Gloxin", 'C.C.Gmel.' => "C.C.Gmel.", 'J.F.Gmel.' => "J.F.Gmel.", 'J.G.Gmel.' => "J.G.Gmel.", 'S.G.Gmel.' => "S.G.Gmel.", 'R.K.Godfrey' => "R.K.Godfrey", 'Godr.' => "Godr.", 'Goldberg' => "Goldberg", 'Goldie' => "Goldie", 'J.C.Gomes' => "J.C.Gomes", 'M.Gómez' => "M.Gómez", 'Gooden.' => "Gooden.", 'Goodyer' => "Goodyer", 'Göpp.' => "Göpp.", 'Gordon' => "Gordon", 'Gould' => "Gould", 'Graebn.' => "Graebn.", 'Graham' => "Graham", 'Grande' => "Grande", 'Gray' => "Gray", 'A.Gray' => "A.Gray", 'Greene' => "Greene", 'Greenm.' => "Greenm.", 'Greenway' => "Greenway", 'Gren.' => "Gren.", 'Greuter' => "Greuter", 'Griff.' => "Griff.", 'Grimm' => "Grimm", 'Gris' => "Gris", 'Griscom' => "Griscom", 'Griseb.' => "Griseb.", 'Grolle' => "Grolle", 'Grossh.' => "Grossh.", 'Grudz.' => "Grudz.", 'Guillaumin' => "Guillaumin", 'Guill.' => "Guill.", 'Gunnerus' => "Gunnerus", 'Guss.' => "Guss.", 'Hack.' => "Hack.", 'G.E.Haglund' => "G.E.Haglund", 'Halácsy' => "Halácsy", 'Ham.' => "Ham.", 'A.Ham' => "A.Ham", 'Hance' => "Hance", 'Hand.-Mazz.' => "Hand.-Mazz.", 'Hara' => "Hara", 'H.Hara' => "H.Hara", 'Harb.' => "Harb.", 'Hardin' => "Hardin", 'Harms' => "Harms", 'Harkn.' => "Harkn.", 'R.M.Harper' => "R.M.Harper", 'Hartm.' => "Hartm.", 'Hartw.' => "Hartw.", 'Harv.' => "Harv.", 'Harvill' => "Harvill", 'Hassk.' => "Hassk.", 'A.Hässl.' => "A.Hässl.", 'Haufler' => "Haufler", 'Hauke' => "Hauke", 'Hauser' => "Hauser", 'Hausskn.' => "Hausskn.", 'Haw.' => "Haw.", 'Hayata' => "Hayata", 'Hayek' => "Hayek", 'Hayne' => "Hayne", 'R.R.Haynes' => "R.R.Haynes", 'Hedrick' => "Hedrick", 'Hedw.' => "Hedw.", 'Hegelm.' => "Hegelm.", 'Heim' => "Heim", 'F.Heim' => "F.Heim", 'Heist.' => "Heist.", 'Heldr.' => "Heldr.", 'A.Heller' => "A.Heller", 'Hellq.' => "Hellq.", 'Hemsl.' => "Hemsl.", 'Henrard' => "Henrard", 'Henry' => "Henry", 'Hensl.' => "Hensl.", 'Hepper' => "Hepper", 'Herb.' => "Herb.", 'F.J.Herm.' => "F.J.Herm.", 'R.A.W.Herrm.' => "R.A.W.Herrm.", 'Heybroek' => "Heybroek", 'Heynh.' => "Heynh.", 'Heywood' => "Heywood", 'A.J.Hill' => "A.J.Hill", 'A.W.Hill' => "A.W.Hill", 'Hirn' => "Hirn", 'Hitchc' => "Hitchc", 'C.L.Hitchc.' => "C.L.Hitchc.", 'E.Hitchc.' => "E.Hitchc.", 'Hnatiuk' => "Hnatiuk", 'Hochst.' => "Hochst.", 'Hoehne' => "Hoehne", 'Hoffm.' => "Hoffm.", 'K.Hoffm.' => "K.Hoffm.", 'Hoffmanns.' => "Hoffmanns.", 'Hogg' => "Hogg", 'Hohen.' => "Hohen.", 'Hollick' => "Hollick", 'A.H.Holmgren' => "A.H.Holmgren", 'B.F.Holmgren' => "B.F.Holmgren", 'Holmgren' => "Holmgren", 'N.H.Holmgren' => "N.H.Holmgren", 'P.K.Holmgren' => "P.K.Holmgren", 'Holub' => "Holub", 'Hook.' => "Hook.", 'Hook.f.' => "Hook.f.", 'W.Hook.' => "W.Hook.", 'M.Hopkins' => "M.Hopkins", 'Hopper' => "Hopper", 'Hornem.' => "Hornem.", 'Host' => "Host", 'House' => "House", 'Houtt.' => "Houtt.", 'Howe' => "Howe", 'Howell' => "Howell", 'A.W.Howitt' => "A.W.Howitt", 'K.Q.Huang' => "K.Q.Huang", 'P.H.Huang' => "P.H.Huang", 'C.E.Hubb.' => "C.E.Hubb.", 'F.T.Hubb.' => "F.T.Hubb.", 'Hultén' => "Hultén", 'Huds.' => "Huds.", 'Humb.' => "Humb.", 'Hurus.' => "Hurus.", 'Husn.' => "Husn.", 'Imbach' => "Imbach", 'Irwin' => "Irwin", 'H.S.Irwin' => "H.S.Irwin", 'Ives' => "Ives", 'B.D.Jacks.' => "B.D.Jacks.", 'R.C.Jacks' => "R.C.Jacks", 'P.S.Wyse Jacks.' => "P.S.Wyse Jacks.", 'Jacq.' => "Jacq.", 'Jacques' => "Jacques", 'Janch.' => "Janch.", 'Janse' => "Janse", 'Jefferies' => "Jefferies", 'Jeps.' => "Jeps.", 'Jess.' => "Jess.", 'I.M.Johnst.' => "I.M.Johnst.", 'M.C.Johnston' => "M.C.Johnston", 'A.G.Jones' => "A.G.Jones", 'M.E.Jones' => "M.E.Jones", 'S.D.Jones' => "S.D.Jones", 'Jongkind' => "Jongkind", 'Jord.' => "Jord.", 'A.Juss.' => "A.Juss.", 'Ant.Juss.' => "Ant.Juss.", 'Juss.' => "Juss.", 'B.Juss.' => "B.Juss.", 'Kalm' => "Kalm", 'H.Karst' => "H.Karst", 'P.Karst' => "P.Karst", 'Kartesz' => "Kartesz", 'Kato' => "Kato", 'Kearney' => "Kearney", 'Keck' => "Keck", 'Keener' => "Keener", 'Keller' => "Keller", 'Ker.' => "Ker.", 'Ker Gawl.' => "Ker Gawl.", 'Kerguélen' => "Kerguélen", 'Killip' => "Killip", 'King' => "King", 'R.M.King' => "R.M.King", 'Kingdon-Ward' => "Kingdon-Ward", 'Kirk' => "Kirk", 'Kit.' => "Kit.", 'Kjellman' => "Kjellman", 'Klotzsch' => "Klotzsch", 'F.M.Knuth' => "F.M.Knuth", 'Koch' => "Koch", 'G.Koch' => "G.Koch", 'K.Koch' => "K.Koch", 'Koehne' => "Koehne", 'Koeler' => "Koeler", 'Koenig' => "Koenig", 'Koidz.' => "Koidz.", 'Kom.' => "Kom.", 'Korth.' => "Korth.", 'Kosterm.' => "Kosterm.", 'Kotschy' => "Kotschy", 'Krajina' => "Krajina", 'Kral' => "Kral", 'Krause' => "Krause", 'K.Krause' => "K.Krause", 'Krock.' => "Krock.", 'Krombh.' => "Krombh.", 'Kubitzki' => "Kubitzki", 'Kudô' => "Kudô", 'Kuhlm.' => "Kuhlm.", 'Kuhn' => "Kuhn", 'Kuk.' => "Kuk.", 'P.Kumm.' => "P.Kumm.", 'Kunth' => "Kunth", 'Kuntze' => "Kuntze", 'Kunze' => "Kunze", 'Kurz' => "Kurz", 'L.' => "L.", 'L.f.' => "L.f.", "L'Her." => "L'Her.", 'Labill.' => "Labill.", 'Laest.' => "Laest.", 'Lag.' => "Lag.", 'Lakela' => "Lakela", 'Lam.' => "Lam.", 'Lamb.' => "Lamb.", 'Landolt' => "Landolt", 'L.R.Landrum' => "L.R.Landrum", 'Lange' => "Lange", 'J.E.Lange' => "J.E.Lange", 'K.Larsen' => "K.Larsen", 'Latourr.' => "Latourr.", 'Lavrent.' => "Lavrent.", 'Lawson' => "Lawson", 'Laxm.' => "Laxm.", 'Leandri' => "Leandri", 'Leavenw.' => "Leavenw.", 'Leconte' => "Leconte", 'Ledeb.' => "Ledeb.", 'Lehm.' => "Lehm.", 'Lej.' => "Lej.", 'Lellinger' => "Lellinger", 'Lelong' => "Lelong", 'Lem.' => "Lem.", 'Le Maout' => "Le Maout", 'Lemoine' => "Lemoine", 'León' => "León", 'J.-F.Leroy' => "J.-F.Leroy", 'Les' => "Les", 'Lesch.' => "Lesch.", 'Less.' => "Less.", 'T.Lestib.' => "T.Lestib.", 'H.Lév.' => "H.Lév.", 'F.H.Lewis' => "F.H.Lewis", 'Lewis' => "Lewis", 'Leyss.' => "Leyss.", 'Li' => "Li", 'Liais' => "Liais", 'Liebl.' => "Liebl.", 'Liebm.' => "Liebm.", 'Lightf.' => "Lightf.", 'Lindau' => "Lindau", 'Lindl.' => "Lindl.", 'Lindm.' => "Lindm.", 'Link' => "Link", 'Litv.' => "Litv.", 'F.E.Lloyd' => "F.E.Lloyd", 'Lodd.' => "Lodd.", 'Lodd.' => "Lodd.", 'Loefl.' => "Loefl.", 'Loes.' => "Loes.", 'Loisel.' => "Loisel.", 'Lönnrot' => "Lönnrot", 'Lotsy' => "Lotsy", 'Lott' => "Lott", 'Loudon' => "Loudon", 'Lounsb.' => "Lounsb.", 'Lour.' => "Lour.", 'A.Löve' => "A.Löve", 'D.Löve' => "D.Löve", 'H.Low' => "H.Low", 'Luer' => "Luer", 'Lundell' => "Lundell", 'Lunell' => "Lunell", 'Lye' => "Lye", 'Lyons' => "Lyons", 'Ma' => "Ma", 'Maas' => "Maas", 'J.F.Macbr.' => "J.F.Macbr.", 'J.M.MacDougal' => "J.M.MacDougal", 'Macf.' => "Macf.", 'J.MacGill.' => "J.MacGill.", 'Mack.' => "Mack.", 'MacMill' => "MacMill", 'Macoun' => "Macoun", 'Magnol' => "Magnol", 'Magnus' => "Magnus", 'Maiden' => "Maiden", 'Makino' => "Makino", 'Malme' => "Malme", 'Marchal' => "Marchal", 'Marcks' => "Marcks", 'Marloth' => "Marloth", 'Marshall' => "Marshall", 'Mart.' => "Mart.", 'M.Martens' => "M.Martens", 'Martius' => "Martius", 'J.Martyn' => "J.Martyn", 'Masam.' => "Masam.", 'Masson' => "Masson", 'Mast.' => "Mast.", 'Mathias' => "Mathias", 'Mathieu' => "Mathieu", 'Matsum.' => "Matsum.", 'Matt.' => "Matt.", 'Mattfl.' => "Mattfl.", 'Mattox' => "Mattox", 'Maxim.' => "Maxim.", 'Maxon' => "Maxon", 'E.M.McClint.' => "E.M.McClint.", 'McCoy' => "McCoy", 'T.N.McCoy' => "T.N.McCoy", 'McGill.' => "McGill.", 'McGregor' => "McGregor", 'McKinney' => "McKinney", 'McVaugh' => "McVaugh", 'Medik.' => "Medik.", 'Meerb.' => "Meerb.", 'Meikle' => "Meikle", 'Meisn.' => "Meisn.", 'Melville' => "Melville", 'Melvin' => "Melvin", 'Mendel' => "Mendel", 'Menezes' => "Menezes", 'Menzies' => "Menzies", 'Mérat.' => "Mérat.", 'Mereschk.' => "Mereschk.", 'Merr.' => "Merr.", 'Mert.' => "Mert.", 'Mett.' => "Mett.", 'C.A.Mey.' => "C.A.Mey.", 'E.Mey.' => "E.Mey.", 'Meyen' => "Meyen", 'Mez' => "Mez", 'Micheli' => "Micheli", 'Miers' => "Miers", 'Michx.' => "Michx.", 'F.Michx.' => "F.Michx.", 'Milde' => "Milde", 'A.G.Mill.' => "A.G.Mill.", 'Mill.' => "Mill.", 'G.S.Mill.' => "G.S.Mill.", 'Millais' => "Millais", 'Millsp.' => "Millsp.", 'Milne-Redh.' => "Milne-Redh.", 'Miq.' => "Miq.", 'Mirb.' => "Mirb.", 'Mitch.' => "Mitch.", 'Moc.' => "Moc.", 'Moench' => "Moench", 'Moestrup' => "Moestrup", 'Mohl' => "Mohl", 'Mohlenbr.' => "Mohlenbr.", 'C.Mohr' => "C.Mohr", 'Möhring' => "Möhring", 'Moldenke' => "Moldenke", 'Molina' => "Molina", 'Monnard' => "Monnard", 'Moore' => "Moore", 'G.Moore' => "G.Moore", 'H.E.Moore' => "H.E.Moore", 'S.Moore' => "S.Moore", 'T.Moore' => "T.Moore", 'Moq.' => "Moq.", 'R.C.Moran' => "R.C.Moran", 'Moretti' => "Moretti", 'Moris' => "Moris", 'Morison' => "Morison", 'Morong' => "Morong", 'F.J.A.Morris' => "F.J.A.Morris", 'C.V.Morton' => "C.V.Morton", 'F.Muell.' => "F.Muell.", 'Muhl.' => "Muhl.", 'O.F.Müll.' => "O.F.Müll.", 'P.J.Müll.' => "P.J.Müll.", 'Müll.Arg.' => "Müll.Arg.", 'Münchh.' => "Münchh.", 'Munz' => "Munz", 'Murb.' => "Murb.", 'Murray' => "Murray", 'Mutis' => "Mutis", 'Naczi' => "Naczi", 'Nakai' => "Nakai", 'Nash' => "Nash", 'Naudin' => "Naudin", 'Neck.' => "Neck.", 'Née' => "Née", 'Nees' => "Nees", 'C.Nelson' => "C.Nelson", 'E.C.Nelson' => "E.C.Nelson", 'J.B.Nelson' => "J.B.Nelson", 'G.L. Nesom' => "G.L. Nesom", 'Nevski' => "Nevski", 'Newman' => "Newman", 'T.Q.Nguyen' => "T.Q.Nguyen", 'Nichols' => "Nichols", 'S.Q.Nie' => "S.Q.Nie", 'Nied.' => "Nied.", 'Nieuwl.' => "Nieuwl.", 'Nob.Tanaka' => "Nob.Tanaka", 'Nodder' => "Nodder", 'Noronha' => "Noronha", 'Nordm.' => "Nordm.", 'Norton' => "Norton", 'Nutt.' => "Nutt.", 'Nägeli' => "Nägeli", 'Nyár.' => "Nyár.", 'Oakes' => "Oakes", 'Oeder' => "Oeder", 'Oerst.' => "Oerst.", 'Ohwi' => "Ohwi", 'Oliv.' => "Oliv.", 'Olney' => "Olney", 'Opiz' => "Opiz", 'Ortega' => "Ortega", 'Otth' => "Otth", 'Otto' => "Otto", 'Oudejans' => "Oudejans", 'Paine' => "Paine", 'Pall.' => "Pall.", 'Palla' => "Palla", 'Palmer' => "Palmer", 'W.Palmer' => "W.Palmer", 'Panero' => "Panero", 'Panz.' => "Panz.", 'Papan.' => "Papan.", 'C.R.Parks' => "C.R.Parks", 'Parl.' => "Parl.", 'Parry' => "Parry", 'Pascher' => "Pascher", 'Paterson' => "Paterson", 'R.M.Patrick' => "R.M.Patrick", 'Patrin' => "Patrin", 'Pav.' => "Pav.", 'Pax' => "Pax", 'Paxton' => "Paxton", 'G.Pearson' => "G.Pearson", 'Peattie' => "Peattie", 'Peck' => "Peck", 'Pedersen' => "Pedersen", 'Pedley' => "Pedley", 'Pennell' => "Pennell", 'Perleb' => "Perleb", 'E.P.Perrier' => "E.P.Perrier", 'H.Perrier' => "H.Perrier", 'Perrine' => "Perrine", 'L.M.Perry' => "L.M.Perry", 'Pers.' => "Pers.", 'Peter' => "Peter", 'Petr.' => "Petr.", 'Peyr.' => "Peyr.", 'Pfeff.' => "Pfeff.", 'Phil.' => "Phil.", 'Philcox' => "Philcox", 'L.R.Phillippe' => "L.R.Phillippe", 'Pickett' => "Pickett", 'Pilg.' => "Pilg.", 'Piper' => "Piper", 'Planch.' => "Planch.", 'Plum.' => "Plum.", 'Podp.' => "Podp.", 'Poepp.' => "Poepp.", 'Poggenb.' => "Poggenb.", 'Pohl' => "Pohl", 'Poir.' => "Poir.", 'Poit.' => "Poit.", 'Polatschek' => "Polatschek", 'Pollard' => "Pollard", 'Pollich' => "Pollich", 'Pollock' => "Pollock", 'Porter' => "Porter", 'Prantl' => "Prantl", 'C.Presl' => "C.Presl", 'J.Presl' => "J.Presl", 'Pringsh.' => "Pringsh.", 'Profice' => "Profice", 'Prokh.' => "Prokh.", 'Prosk.' => "Prosk.", 'K.M.Pryer' => "K.M.Pryer", 'L.D.Pryor' => "L.D.Pryor", 'Purdom' => "Purdom", 'Pursh' => "Pursh", 'Putz.' => "Putz.", 'Rach' => "Rach", 'Radcl.-Sm.' => "Radcl.-Sm.", 'Raddi' => "Raddi", 'Raderm.' => "Raderm.", 'Radford' => "Radford", 'Radlk.' => "Radlk.", 'Raeusch.' => "Raeusch.", 'Raf.' => "Raf.", 'Rafn' => "Rafn", 'Raim.' => "Raim.", 'Raoul' => "Raoul", 'Rattan' => "Rattan", 'Rauh' => "Rauh", 'Raunk.' => "Raunk.", 'Rauschert' => "Rauschert", 'Rauwolff' => "Rauwolff", 'Raven' => "Raven", 'P.H.Raven' => "P.H.Raven", 'T.E.Raven' => "T.E.Raven", 'Ravenna' => "Ravenna", 'Ray' => "Ray", 'J.D.Ray' => "J.D.Ray", 'Raymond' => "Raymond", 'Razaf.' => "Razaf.", 'Rchb.' => "Rchb.", 'Rchb.f.' => "Rchb.f.", 'Rech.' => "Rech.", 'Rech.f.' => "Rech.f.", 'C.F.Reed' => "C.F.Reed", 'Regel' => "Regel", 'Rehder' => "Rehder", 'Reichard' => "Reichard", 'Reinw.' => "Reinw.", 'Reissek' => "Reissek", 'Rendle' => "Rendle", 'Req.' => "Req.", 'Rettig' => "Rettig", 'Retz.' => "Retz.", 'Reut.' => "Reut.", 'Reveal' => "Reveal", 'A.Rich.' => "A.Rich.", 'Rich.' => "Rich.", 'Richardson' => "Richardson", 'Riddell' => "Riddell", 'Ridl.' => "Ridl.", 'F.Ritter' => "F.Ritter", 'Rivière' => "Rivière", 'C.Rivière' => "C.Rivière", 'Rizzini' => "Rizzini", 'B.L.Rob.' => "B.L.Rob.", 'C.B.Rob.' => "C.B.Rob.", 'H.Rob.' => "H.Rob.", 'J.W.Robbins' => "J.W.Robbins", 'Robbr.' => "Robbr.", 'N.Robson' => "N.Robson", 'A.Robyns' => "A.Robyns", 'Robyns' => "Robyns", 'Rock' => "Rock", 'H.Rock' => "H.Rock", 'Rodr.' => "Rodr.", 'Barb.Rodr.' => "Barb.Rodr.", 'Roem.' => "Roem.", 'M.Roem.' => "M.Roem.", 'Rogow.' => "Rogow.", 'Röhl.' => "Röhl.", 'Rohrb.' => "Rohrb.", 'Rollins' => "Rollins", 'Romans' => "Romans", 'Rose' => "Rose", 'Rost.' => "Rost.", 'Rottb.' => "Rottb.", 'Roth' => "Roth", 'Rothm.' => "Rothm.", 'Roxb.' => "Roxb.", 'Royle' => "Royle", 'Rudall' => "Rudall", 'Ruiz' => "Ruiz", 'Rumph.' => "Rumph.", 'Rupr.' => "Rupr.", 'Rusby' => "Rusby", 'Rydb.' => "Rydb.", 'Sabine' => "Sabine", 'Sacc.' => "Sacc.", 'Sachs' => "Sachs", 'Santin' => "Santin", 'A.St.-Hil.' => "A.St.-Hil.", 'E.Salisb.' => "E.Salisb.", 'Salisb.' => "Salisb.", 'E.A.Sánchez' => "E.A.Sánchez", 'Sandwith' => "Sandwith", 'Sarg.' => "Sarg.", 'Sartwell' => "Sartwell", 'J.D.Sauer' => "J.D.Sauer", 'W.Saunders' => "W.Saunders", 'Sauss.' => "Sauss.", 'Savi' => "Savi", 'Savigny' => "Savigny", 'Scharf' => "Scharf", 'Schauer' => "Schauer", 'Scheele' => "Scheele", 'Schenk' => "Schenk", 'Scherb.' => "Scherb.", 'Schindl.' => "Schindl.", 'Schinz' => "Schinz", 'Schleid.' => "Schleid.", 'Schltdl.' => "Schltdl.", 'Schltr.' => "Schltr.", 'Schmalh.' => "Schmalh.", 'F.Schmidt' => "F.Schmidt", 'W.L.E.Schmidt' => "W.L.E.Schmidt", 'C.K.Schneid.' => "C.K.Schneid.", 'Schoepf' => "Schoepf", 'U.Scholz' => "U.Scholz", 'Schönl.' => "Schönl.", 'Schott' => "Schott", 'Schottky' => "Schottky", 'Schrad.' => "Schrad.", 'Schrank' => "Schrank", 'Schreb.' => "Schreb.", 'B.G.Schub.' => "B.G.Schub.", 'Schult.' => "Schult.", 'Schult.f.' => "Schult.f.", 'Sch.Bip.' => "Sch.Bip.", 'F.W.Schultz' => "F.W.Schultz", 'O.E.Schulz' => "O.E.Schulz", 'Schumach.' => "Schumach.", 'K.Schum.' => "K.Schum.", 'Schur' => "Schur", 'Schust.' => "Schust.", 'Schwartz' => "Schwartz", 'Schweik.' => "Schweik.", 'Schweinf.' => "Schweinf.", 'Schwein.' => "Schwein.", 'Scop.' => "Scop.", 'D.H.Scott' => "D.H.Scott", 'R.R.Scott' => "R.R.Scott", 'Scribn.' => "Scribn.", 'Secr.' => "Secr.", 'Seem.' => "Seem.", 'P.Selby' => "P.Selby", 'Selander' => "Selander", 'Semple' => "Semple", 'Sendtn.' => "Sendtn.", 'Seneb.' => "Seneb.", 'Ser.' => "Ser.", 'Sessé' => "Sessé", 'Seub' => "Seub", 'Shafer' => "Shafer", 'Sharsm.' => "Sharsm.", 'H.Sharsm.' => "H.Sharsm.", 'Shaver' => "Shaver", 'G.Shaw' => "G.Shaw", 'Shear' => "Shear", 'E.Sheld.' => "E.Sheld.", 'Shinners' => "Shinners", 'Shipunov' => "Shipunov", 'Shiras.' => "Shiras.", 'Short' => "Short", 'Shuttlew.' => "Shuttlew.", 'Sibth.' => "Sibth.", 'Siebold' => "Siebold", 'Sim' => "Sim", 'Simon-Louis' => "Simon-Louis", 'Sims' => "Sims", 'Sing.' => "Sing.", 'J.C.Siqueira' => "J.C.Siqueira", 'Skeels' => "Skeels", 'A.K.Skvortsov' => "A.K.Skvortsov", 'Slavin' => "Slavin", 'Sleumer' => "Sleumer", 'Sm.' => "Sm.", 'A.C.Sm.' => "A.C.Sm.", 'A.L.Sm. ' => "A.L.Sm. ", 'C.A.Sm.' => "C.A.Sm.", 'C.P.Sm.' => "C.P.Sm.", 'H.G.Sm.' => "H.G.Sm.", 'J.G.Sm.' => "J.G.Sm.", 'J.J.Sm.' => "J.J.Sm.", 'L.B.Sm.' => "L.B.Sm.", 'Small' => "Small", 'Smyth' => "Smyth", 'L.C.R.Smyth' => "L.C.R.Smyth", 'N.Snow' => "N.Snow", 'Sobol.' => "Sobol.", 'Soderstr.' => "Soderstr.", 'Soegeng' => "Soegeng", 'Soják' => "Soják", 'Sol.' => "Sol.", 'Sole' => "Sole", 'Soler.' => "Soler.", 'Sond.' => "Sond.", 'Sonn.' => "Sonn.", 'A.Soriano' => "A.Soriano", 'Spach' => "Spach", 'Spellenb.' => "Spellenb.", 'Sprague' => "Sprague", 'Spreng.' => "Spreng.", 'Spring' => "Spring", 'Spruce' => "Spruce", 'J.St.Hil.' => "J.St.Hil.", 'H.St.John' => "H.St.John", 'Stace' => "Stace", 'A.Stahl' => "A.Stahl", 'Standl.' => "Standl.", 'Stapf' => "Stapf", 'Staudt' => "Staudt", 'Stearn' => "Stearn", 'Stebbins' => "Stebbins", 'E.S.Steele' => "E.S.Steele", 'Steenis' => "Steenis", 'Stein' => "Stein", 'Steller' => "Steller", 'Sternb.' => "Sternb.", 'Sterns' => "Sterns", 'Steud.' => "Steud.", 'Steward' => "Steward", 'Steyerm.' => "Steyerm.", 'Stocks' => "Stocks", 'Stokes' => "Stokes", 'W.Stone' => "W.Stone", 'Strasb.' => "Strasb.", 'Stritch' => "Stritch", 'M.T.Strong' => "M.T.Strong", 'Stuchlik' => "Stuchlik", 'Stuntz' => "Stuntz", 'Sturm' => "Sturm", 'Sudw.' => "Sudw.", 'Suksd.' => "Suksd.", 'Sull.' => "Sull.", 'Suter' => "Suter", 'D.A.Sutton' => "D.A.Sutton", 'Svenson' => "Svenson", 'Svent.' => "Svent.", 'Suess.' => "Suess.", 'Sw.' => "Sw.", 'Sweet' => "Sweet", 'Swezey' => "Swezey", 'Swingle' => "Swingle", 'Syme' => "Syme", 'Symons' => "Symons", 'Takht.' => "Takht.", 'Tansley' => "Tansley", 'Taub.' => "Taub.", 'Tausch' => "Tausch", 'Taylor' => "Taylor", 'Ten.' => "Ten.", 'Thell.' => "Thell.", 'Thìeret' => "Thìeret", 'Thonn.' => "Thonn.", 'Thorne' => "Thorne", 'Thouars' => "Thouars", 'Thuill.' => "Thuill.", 'Thunb.' => "Thunb.", 'Tidestr.' => "Tidestr.", 'Tiegh.' => "Tiegh.", 'Tiling' => "Tiling", 'Tod.' => "Tod.", 'Todzia' => "Todzia", 'Tolm.' => "Tolm.", 'Torr.' => "Torr.", 'Tourn.' => "Tourn.", 'R.Tracey' => "R.Tracey", 'Trad.' => "Trad.", 'Tratt.' => "Tratt.", 'Trautv.' => "Trautv.", 'Trel.' => "Trel.", 'Trimen' => "Trimen", 'Trin.' => "Trin.", 'Triana' => "Triana", 'Tswett' => "Tswett", 'Tuck.' => "Tuck.", 'G.C.Tucker' => "G.C.Tucker", 'C.Tul.' => "C.Tul.", 'Turcz.' => "Turcz.", 'Turner' => "Turner", 'B.L.Turner' => "B.L.Turner", 'Turpin' => "Turpin", 'Tzelev' => "Tzelev", 'Ule' => "Ule", 'Ulmer' => "Ulmer", 'Underw.' => "Underw.", 'Urb.' => "Urb.", 'Ursch' => "Ursch", 'Vahl' => "Vahl", 'Vail' => "Vail", 'Vaill.' => "Vaill.", 'Valeton' => "Valeton", 'Van Houtte' => "Van Houtte", 'Vand.' => "Vand.", 'Vaniot' => "Vaniot", 'Vasey' => "Vasey", 'Vavilov' => "Vavilov", 'Veill.' => "Veill.", 'Velloso' => "Velloso", 'Vell.' => "Vell.", 'Vent.' => "Vent.", 'Verdc.' => "Verdc.", 'Vickery' => "Vickery", 'Vict.' => "Vict.", 'Vignolo' => "Vignolo", 'Vill.' => "Vill.", 'Vilm.' => "Vilm.", 'Vitman' => "Vitman", 'Vittad.' => "Vittad.", 'Viv.' => "Viv.", 'Vogel' => "Vogel", 'Volkart' => "Volkart", 'W.H.Wagner' => "W.H.Wagner", 'Wahlenb.' => "Wahlenb.", 'Wall.' => "Wall.", 'Walp.' => "Walp.", 'Walter' => "Walter", 'C.Wang' => "C.Wang", 'Wangen.' => "Wangen.", 'Ward' => "Ward", 'Warder' => "Warder", 'Warb.' => "Warb.", 'Warm.' => "Warm.", 'S.Watson' => "S.Watson", 'Watt' => "Watt", 'Wawra' => "Wawra", 'Weath.' => "Weath.", 'Webb' => "Webb", 'J.M.Webber' => "J.M.Webber", 'Weber' => "Weber", 'G.L.Webster' => "G.L.Webster", 'Wedd.' => "Wedd.", 'Wedem.' => "Wedem.", 'Wege' => "Wege", 'Weigel' => "Weigel", 'Weihe' => "Weihe", 'Weinm.' => "Weinm.", 'Wells' => "Wells", 'Wender.' => "Wender.", 'Welw.' => "Welw.", 'H.Wendl.' => "H.Wendl.", 'H.L.Wendl.' => "H.L.Wendl.", 'J.C.Wendl.' => "J.C.Wendl.", 'Werderm.' => "Werderm.", 'Weston' => "Weston", 'Wettst.' => "Wettst.", 'L.C.Wheeler' => "L.C.Wheeler", 'Wherry' => "Wherry", 'Wibel' => "Wibel", 'Widder' => "Widder", 'Wiegand' => "Wiegand", 'Wiersama' => "Wiersama", 'F.H.Wigg.' => "F.H.Wigg.", 'Wight' => "Wight", 'W.Wight' => "W.Wight", 'Willd.' => "Willd.", 'Wille' => "Wille", 'Willk.' => "Willk.", 'Windham' => "Windham", 'Wipff' => "Wipff", 'With.' => "With.", 'Wittig' => "Wittig", 'W.Wolf' => "W.Wolf", 'S.L.Wolff' => "S.L.Wolff", 'Wood' => "Wood", 'A.W.Wood' => "A.W.Wood", 'Woods' => "Woods", 'Woodson' => "Woodson", 'Woodv.' => "Woodv.", 'C.L.Woodw.' => "C.L.Woodw.", 'Woolls' => "Woolls", 'Woronow' => "Woronow", 'Woyn.' => "Woyn.", 'C.Wright' => "C.Wright", 'Wullschl.' => "Wullschl.", 'Wydler' => "Wydler", 'Yakovlev' => "Yakovlev", 'H.O.Yates' => "H.O.Yates",  'Yunck.' => "Yunck.",  'Zabel' => "Zabel",  'Zanted.' => "Zanted.",  'Zeyh.' => "Zeyh.",  'L.H.Zhuo' => "L.H.Zhuo",  'Zinn' => "Zinn",  'Ziz' => "Ziz",  'Zizka' => "Zizka",  'Zoll.' => "Zoll.",  'Zucc.' => "Zucc." );

print "\nLogging in to Wikipedia.\n" ; my $pw=Perlwikipedia->new; $pw->{mech}->agent('Bot/WP/EN/Quadell/polbot'); my $login_status=$pw->login('bot name','bot password'); die "I can't log in." unless ($login_status eq 0);

print "\nLogging in to Commons.\n" ; my $pwc=Perlwikipedia->new; $pwc->{mech}->agent('Bot/WP/EN/Quadell/polbot'); $pwc->set_wiki('commons.wikimedia.org','w'); my $login_status=$pwc->login('bot name','bot password'); die "I can't log in." unless ($login_status eq 0);

print "\nLooking up '$family' in IUCN\n"; my @matches = ; my $url = "http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=$family&modifier=phrase&criteria=taxonomy&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&aquatic%5B%5D=all&regions%5B%5D=all&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&Submit.x=66&Submit.y=9"; my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new; $ua->agent("Mozilla/6.0"); my $offset = 0;

while (1) { my $res = $ua->post($url, ['offset' => $offset]); die "Could not connect\n" unless ($res->is_success); my $html = $res->content; my @local_matches = ($html =~ m//g); if (@local_matches == 0) { last; } push @matches, @local_matches; $offset += 50; }

my $total_matches = scalar (@matches); print "$total_matches matches found.\n"; my $this_match = 0;

foreach my $match (@matches) { $this_match++; if ($this_match < 0) { next; }

print "\n($this_match/$total_matches): "; $url = "http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/$match/all"; my $res = $ua->get($url); die "Could not connect\n" unless ($res->is_success); my $html = decode("iso-8859-1", $res->content); my $kingdom = ''; my $phylum = ''; my $class = ''; my $order = ''; my $family = ''; my $genus = ''; my $species = ''; my $binomial = ''; my $authority = ''; my $status = ''; my $distribution = ''; my $citation = ''; my $synonyms = ''; my $boxcolor = ''; my $isfish = 0; my $iswas = "is"; my @common_name = ; my @habitats = ; my @synonym_list = ; my $habitat_loss = 0; my $wiki_new; $html =~ m/(\w)(\w+) (.+)<\/I><\/FONT>/si; $genus = "$1$2"; $species = "$1. $3"; $binomial = "$1$2 $3"; print "$binomial\n"; if ($html =~ m/\s*\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { $kingdom = "\u\L$1"; if ($kingdom =~ m/\[\[A/) { $boxcolor = "pink"; } else { $boxcolor = "lightgreen"; }	}	if ($html =~ m/\s*\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { $phylum = "\u\L$1"; }	if ($html =~ m/\s*\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { $class = "\u\L$1"; $isfish = 1 if ($class =~ m/Chondrichthyes|Actinopterygii|Sarcopterygii/); }	if ($html =~ m/\s*\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { $order = "\u\L$1"; $isfish = 1 if ($class eq "Petromyzontiformes"); }	if ($html =~ m/\s*\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { $family = "\u\L$1"; if ($xfamily{$family}) { $family = $xfamily{$family}; }	}	if ($html =~ m/\s*\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { my $common_name_raw = $1; my @cnr = ; $common_name_raw =~ s/((\w|-)+)/\u\L$1/g; #$common_name_raw =~ s/ \(.\)//g; $common_name_raw =~ s/'S /'s /g; if ($common_name_raw =~ m/<BR>/i) { @cnr = split(/<BR>/i, $common_name_raw); } else { $cnr[0] = $common_name_raw; }		foreach my $cn (@cnr) { if ($cn =~ m/(.*) \(e\)/i) { push @common_name, $1; }		}	}	if ($isfish) { foreach my $cn (@common_name) { $cn = lc $cn; }	}	if ($html =~ m/<TD WIDTH=\"450\" ID=\"spcauthor\">\s*<FONT FACE=\"Verdana\" SIZE="2">\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) { $authority = $1; $authority =~ m/([^ \(,]+)/;		my $substr = $1;		if ($kingdom =~ m/^\[\[A/) {			# Animals. Look for zoologists			if ($xzoologist{$substr}) {				$authority =~ s/$substr/$xzoologist{$substr}/;			}		} else {			# Plants. Look for botanists			if ($xbotanist{$substr}) {				$authority =~ s/$substr/$xbotanist{$substr}/;			}		}				}	if ($html =~ m/<TD WIDTH=\"450\" ID=\"rlscat\">\s*<FONT FACE=\"Verdana\" SIZE="2">\s*(.*?)\s/s) {		$status = $1;		if ($status =~ m/^EX$|^EW$/i) {			$iswas = "was";		}	}	if ($html =~ m/<TD WIDTH=\"450\" ID=\"synonyms\">\s*<FONT FACE=\"Verdana\" SIZE="2">\s* \s*(.*?)\s*<\/div>\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) {		$synonyms = $1;		@synonym_list = ($synonyms =~ m/<i>(.*?)<\/i>/gi);	}	if ($html =~ m/<TD WIDTH=\"450\" ID=\"countrydistrib\">\s*<FONT FACE=\"Verdana\" SIZE="2">\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>\s*<\/TD>/s) {		$distribution = $1;		$distribution =~ s/ \[(RE|RE\?|int|int\?|vag|vag\?|RE-int|int-RE)\]//g; my @countries = split(/<BR>/, $distribution); @countries = sort {($a =~ /\?$/) <=> ($b =~ /\?$/)} @countries; $distribution = list_array_with_conjunction("", "", "and", @countries); $distribution =~ s/\[\[([^\]]*) \([^)]*\)\]\]/\[\[$1\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[([^\]]*)\?\]\]/possibly \[\[$1\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Congo\]\]/\[\[Republic of the Congo\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Congo, The Democratic Republic of the\]\]/\[\[Democratic Republic of the Congo\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Lao People\'s Democratic Republic\]\]/\[\[Laos\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Tanzania, United Republic of\]\]/\[\[Tanzania\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[C.te d\'Ivoire\]\]/\[\[Ivory Coast]]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Korea, Democratic People\'s Republic of\]\]/\[\[North Korea\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Korea, Republic of\]\]/\[\[South Korea\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Micronesia, Federated States of\]\]/\[\[Micronesia\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Taiwan, Province of China\]\]/\[\[Taiwan\]\]/g;		$distribution =~ s/\[\[Virgin Islands, British\]\]/the \[\[British Virgin Islands\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Virgin Islands, U.S.\]\]/the \[\[U.S. Virgin Islands\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Viet Nam\]\]/\[\[Vietnam\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Syrian Arab Republic\]\]/\[\[Syria\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Brunei Darussalam\]\]/\[\[Brunei\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of\]\]/\[\[FYROM\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\]\]/\[\[Libya\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[Russian Federation\]\]/\[\[Russia\]\]/g; $distribution =~ s/\[\[(Philippines|United States|Netherlands|United Kingdom|Dominican Republic|Cook Islands)\]\]/the \[\[$1\]\]/g;

}	if ($html =~ m/Habitat Loss/) { $habitat_loss = 1; }	if ($html =~ m/<TD WIDTH=\"450\" ID=\"habitats\">\s*<FONT FACE=\"Verdana\" SIZE=\"2\">(.*?)<\/TABLE>/s) { my $habitats_raw = $1; while ($habitats_raw =~ m/<TR.*?<TD>\s*<FONT FACE=\"Verdana\" SIZE="2">\s*(.*?)\s*<\/FONT>/sg) { push @habitats, $xhabitat{$1}; }	}	if ($html =~ m/<TH>Citation:<\/TH>\s*<TD>(.*?)<\/TD>/) { $citation = $1; $citation =~ s/<I>/\[$url /; $citation =~ s/<\/I>/\]/g; $citation =~ s/<I>/\[http:\/\/www\.iucnredlist\.org /; $citation =~ s/In: IUCN 2006\.//; $citation =~ s/<\/?B>//g; $citation =~ s/&lt;<A.*?<\/A>&gt;.//; }

# Check if article is needed my $action_needed = ''; my $wiki_existing = $pw->get_text($binomial); if ($wiki_existing =~ /\S/) { $action_needed = ''; } else { if (@common_name) { my $cn_wiki = $pw->get_text($common_name[0]); if ($cn_wiki !~ m/\S/) { $action_needed = "Write CN, rd BN"; } else { if ($cn_wiki =~ m/{{\s*Taxobox.*\|\s*binomial\s*=\s*\'?\'?(\w+ \w+)/is) { if ($binomial eq $1) { $action_needed = "rd BN"; } else { $action_needed = "Write BN"; }				}			}		} else { $action_needed = "Write BN"; }	}	# Create output my $commons_out = 0; if ($action_needed =~ m/^Write/) { $wiki_new = "\n"; $wiki_new .= "\n"; if (@common_name) { $wiki_new .= "The ". list_array_with_conjunction("", "", "or", @common_name). " ($binomial) "; } else { $wiki_new .= "$binomial "; }		$wiki_new .= "$iswas a species of $biotype in the $family family.\n"; if ($distribution) { if ($distribution =~ m/.*\[\[.*\[\[/) { $wiki_new .= "It $iswas found in $distribution.\n"; } else { $wiki_new .= "It $iswas endemic to $distribution.\n"; if ($iswas eq "is") { my $country = $distribution; $country =~ s/\[|\]//g; if ($wikiproject eq "p") { $wiki_new .= "\n"; } else { $wiki_new .= "\n"; }				}			}		}		if (scalar (@habitats) > 0) { if ($habitats[0] =~ m/\S/) { if (scalar (@habitats) == 1) { $wiki_new .= "Its natural habitat $iswas ". @habitats[0]. ".\n"; } else { $wiki_new .= "Its natural habitats "; if ($iswas eq "is") { $wiki_new .= "are "; } else { $wiki_new .= "were "; }					$wiki_new .= list_array_with_conjunction("", "", "and", @habitats). ".\n"; }			}		}		if ($habitat_loss) { if ($iswas eq "is") { $wiki_new .= "It is threatened by habitat loss.\n"; } else { $wiki_new .= "It became extinct due to habitat loss.\n"; }		}		# Check for Commons media my $commons_wiki = $pwc->get_text($binomial); if ($commons_wiki =~ m/\S/) { $wiki_new .= "\n"; $commons_out = 1; }

$wiki_new .= "==Source==\n* $citation\n\n\n\n";

while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[forest\]\].*)\[\[forest\]\]/$1forest/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[savanna\]\].*)\[\[savanna\]\]/$1savanna/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[shrubland\]\].*)\[\[shrubland\]\]/$1shrubland/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[grassland\]\].*)\[\[grassland\]\]/$1grassland/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[river\]\].*)\[\[river\]\]/$1river/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[swamp\]\].*)\[\[swamp\]\]/$1swamp/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[pond\]\].*)\[\[pond\]\]/$1pond/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[desert\]\].*)\[\[desert\]\]/$1desert/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[wetland\]\].*)\[\[wetland\]\]/$1wetland/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[lake\]\].*)\[\[lake\]\]/$1lake/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[marsh\]\].*)\[\[marsh\]\]/$1march/s) {}; while ($wiki_new =~ s/(\[\[sea\]\].*)\[\[sea\]\]/$1sea/s) {}; }	# Write it out. if ($action_needed) { my $template = ""; if ($wikiproject eq "p") { $template = ""; } elsif ($wikiproject eq "m") { $template = ""; } elsif ($wikiproject eq "f") { $template = ""; } elsif ($wikiproject eq "a") { $template = ""; } elsif ($wikiproject eq "g") { $template = ""; } elsif ($wikiproject eq "b") { $template = ""; }		my $cn = shift @common_name; if ($action_needed eq "rd BN") { wiki_write ($binomial, "#Redirect $cn", "Redirecting to $cn"); } elsif ($action_needed eq "Write CN, rd BN") { if ($commons_out) { wiki_write ($cn, $wiki_new, "Autogenerating article based on $url, links to Commons"); } else { wiki_write ($cn, $wiki_new, "Autogenerating article based on $url"); }			if ($template) { wiki_write ("Talk:$cn", "$template\n", "$template"); }

wiki_write ($binomial, "#Redirect $cn", "Redirecting to $cn"); log_species ($cn); } elsif ($action_needed eq "Write BN") { if ($commons_out) { wiki_write ($binomial, $wiki_new, "Autogenerating article based on $url, links to Commons"); } else { wiki_write ($binomial, $wiki_new, "Autogenerating article based on $url"); }			if ($template) { wiki_write ("Talk:$binomial", "$template\n", "$template"); }						log_species ($binomial); }		# Make rd for each additional common name while (scalar(@common_name)) { my $cn2 = shift @common_name; my $cn_wiki = $pw->get_text($cn2); if ($cn_wiki !~ m/\S/) { wiki_write ($cn2, "#Redirect $cn", "Redirecting to $cn"); }		}				# Make rd for each additional synonym while (scalar(@synonym_list)) { my $syn = shift @synonym_list; my $syn_wiki = $pw->get_text($syn); if ($syn_wiki !~ m/\S/) { if ($cn) { wiki_write ($syn, "#Redirect $cn", "Redirecting to $cn"); } else { wiki_write ($syn, "#Redirect $binomial", "Redirecting to $binomial"); }			}		}

# Check genus article my $genus_wiki = $pw->get_text($genus); if ($genus_wiki =~ m/\S/) { # exists my $link_here = ''; if ($cn) { $link_here = "* $cn ($binomial)\n"; } else { $link_here = "* $binomial\n"; }			if ($genus_wiki =~ s//$link_here$1/) { wiki_write ($genus, $genus_wiki, "Adding '$binomial' to the genus"); }		} else { # Create it			$wiki_new = "\n"; $wiki_new .= "\n"; $wiki_new .= "$genus is a genus of $biotype in the $family family. \n"; $wiki_new .= "It contains the following species:\n"; if ($cn) { $wiki_new .= "* $cn ($binomial)\n"; } else { $wiki_new .= "* $binomial\n"; }			$wiki_new .= "\n\n"; $wiki_new .= "\n"; wiki_write ($genus, $wiki_new, "Creating new genus with $binomial in it."); if ($template) { wiki_write ("Talk:$genus", "$template\n", "$template"); }			log_genus ($genus); }		# Check genus category $genus_wiki = $pw->get_text("Category:$genus"); if ($genus_wiki !~ m/\S/) { # Create $wiki_new = "\n\n"; $wiki_new .= "\n"; wiki_write ("Category:$genus", $wiki_new, "Creating new genus category"); }		# Done with this species

} else { print "Article exists, no action needed.\n"; } }

print "---\n DONE! \n--\n\n";

sub list_array_with_conjunction { my $prefix = shift; my $suffix = shift; my $conj = shift; my $out = ""; my @list; foreach my $entry (@_) { if ($entry =~ m/\S/) { push @list, $entry; }	}	foreach my $entry (@list) { $entry = "$prefix$entry$suffix"; }	my $last = pop @list; unless (@list) { $out = $last; } elsif (@list == 1) { $out = @list[0]. " $conj $last"; # no comma } else { $out = join(', ', @list). ", $conj $last"; }

return $out; }

sub wiki_write { my $article_name = shift; my $wiki_out = shift; my $edit_summary = shift; $|=1;	print " Waiting ". ($soonest_next_op - time). " secs... "; $|=1;	while (time < $soonest_next_op) {}; $soonest_next_op = time + $wait_time; print "Writing $article_name\n"; $pw->edit($article_name, $wiki_out, $edit_summary); }
 * 1) 	print "$wiki_out\n\n\n";

sub log_species { my $species_name = shift; open(outfile, ">>species_created.txt"); print outfile "$species_name\n"; close(outfile); }

sub log_genus { my $genus_name = shift; open(outfile, ">>genera_created.txt"); print outfile "$genus_name\n"; close(outfile); }