User:Ppanyam/sandbox

This is a user sandbox

Possible articles to edit:
1.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Employed_Women%27s_Association

2.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_India

3.      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad

4.     Economic liberalisation in India

5.     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhism

Sector: Microcredit for Water Supply and Sanitation
This article seems a little bit incomplete. It doesn't fully explain what the topic is and how microcredit for water supply is different from microcredit in general. The article overall lacks citations and gives several measurements or quantities without sources. The included hyperlinks are very broad (eg a link to the country of Kenya) and there are some spelling errors. The bulk of the article consists of specific examples of NGOs and other organizations with microcredit programs. It might be helpful to explain more what water/sanitation microcredit is instead of discussing actors. Furthermore, the article only discusses the policies or goals of each example organization; there is nothing about implementation or success/failure. The article has a slight positive bias and seems to be written just from one person's perspective. The last section of the article has a heading longer than its content; I think that it can be removed or incorporated into a different section. I think that this article overall isn't entirely necessary; it might be better as a section of the more general article on microcredit.

Area: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
This article about the Clean India Mission includes a lot of information but is not very well organized. There are many lists (eg famous people involved with the campaign, top cleanest cities, etc) that are possibly distracting may not be important to the article. The article does a good job of maintaining a neutral point of view, though it doesn't specifically address any critiques or challenges of the program. There was a decent amount of citations but some facts didn't have sources attached to them. Also, most of the citations are newspaper articles rather than publications. The article is a C-class article of high importance to the Sanitation WikiProject, so it might be a good one to clean up and edit.

Area: Ahmedabad -> Cityscape -> Housing and Urbanization
As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the housing stock is public housing. The basically constant land supply combined with an increase in population has led to densification of both formal and informal housing and a more economical use of existing space.

Slum Networking Project
Beginning in 1995, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) partnered with non-governmental organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in slums. This project, also known as Parivartan (Change) involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure - including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting - and community development - including the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training. . In addition, participating households were granted a minimum tenure of ten years.

The project cost a total of Rs. 4350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed Rs. 600 million, NGOs provided Rs. 90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project. As of November 2006, the SNP had reached 41 slum community. The project has generally been regarded as a success, but concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for maintenance of the new infrastructure. The SNP received the 2005 Dubai International Award in 2005 for Best Practice to improve the living Environment.

Sector: Women in Cooperatives
-"Fair Trade" label includes provisions for funding cooperatives

-barriers: -idea of "deserve"
 * funding and opportunities limited depending on how they identify cooperative - ag coop vs women's coop but more successful if orgs have been around for a long time in a community
 * cultural norms discourage or prevent women from working outside their homes so one possible solution is to do cooperative work within home
 * differences in ideas on how to distribute income and resources - equal or based on work?
 * childcare and other factors can prevent women from having a regular schedule

-go beyond producing to offer tips for women to advocate for their own rights, other educational workshops

==== Organizational Structures ==== -women's cooperatives are sometimes built on ideas of sisterhood and strength from unity, equality

-consequently have non-hierarchical structure ('democratic participation')

-"celebration of independence" -> autonomy in funding?

-Unlike in profit-oriented organizations, measure outcomes in terms of: Saheli
 * political and policy outcomes
 * cultural outcomes
 * mobilization outcomes
 * personal or self-development outcomes

- consensus instead of compromise or voting; for urgent decisions, horizontal delegation through temporary specialists who take personal accountability

-differences in skills or knowledge in addition to socio-economic differences

-equal participation dependent on individuals speaking up and articulating opinions

--rooted in equality of respect

--depends on people with 'advantageous' positions (ie more articulate) being committed to this equality and sometimes withholding their own voices, not always the case

--critique - leveling down of skills

Principles of collectives:
 * 1) Collective ideology
 * 2) Participation
 * 3) Ideology

Area: Ahmedabad -> Poverty in Ahmedabad (creating new section) -> Housing and Urbanization
** add a few sentences about poverty to lead of Ahmedabad article; the article is written really positively

As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers[1]. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stocks has remained basically constant, and this has led to densification of both formal and informal housing and a more economical use of existing space[1].

Slum Networking Project
** add: why did this initiative begin?

Beginning in 1995, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) partnered with non-governmental organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in slums. This project, also known as Parivartan (Change) involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure - including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting - and community development - including the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training[2]. In addition, participating households were granted a minimum tenure of ten years.

The project cost a total of Rs. 4350 million[3]. Community members and the private sector each contributed Rs. 600 million, NGOs provided Rs. 90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project. As of November 2006, the SNP had reached 41 slum community. The project has generally been regarded as a success, but concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for maintenance of the new infrastructure. The SNP received the 2005 Dubai International Award in 2005 for Best Practice to improve the living Environment.

** add: conditions before SNP, methods, level of participation, specific examples of criticism, who defines success

Barriers to women’s participation
[add to existing section] Funding and opportunities from government and other institutions may be limited depending on how cooperatives label themselves (“agricultural co-op” versus “women’s co-op,” for example) [1]. Women’s cooperatives are sometimes dismissed as radical political groups, especially if the organization is new. This was the case for Saheli, a Mumbai-based cooperative for sex workers and victims of sex trafficking.

Cultural norms can discourage or prevent women from working outside, so some cooperatives allow women to perform work within their homes. However, childcare and home responsibilities can prevent women from having a regular work schedule, and this may discourage them from working for an organization[1].

Organizational Structures[2] (new section)
Women's cooperatives are often built on ideas of sisterhood, equality, and strength from unity. Consequently, many have rejected non-hierarchical structures in favor of more democratic participation where every member’s input counts equally. Some cooperatives require consensus rather than compromise or majority approval for decision making. Equal participation relies on individuals verbally articulating their opinions to the group; this in itself can be unequal since more experienced and articulate members can dominate discussions. Unlike in profit-oriented organizations, outcomes can be measured in terms of politics and policy, cultural outcomes, mobilization, and self-development.

** add examples of non-hierarchical structures, history of women's coops - what were the first ones like? how is this organization different than normal co-operatives?

** where does funding and other resources come from?

Final Edits (for 4/27)
Area: Ahmedabad -> Poverty in Ahmedabad (creating new section)

The urban poverty rate in Ahmedabad declined from 28% in 1993-1994 to 10% in 2011-2012. Ahmedabad has been relatively successful* in its efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. This has been achieved through 1) the strengthening of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, the urban local body that oversees all functions of the city, 2) partnership with civil society organizations, and 3) __________. However, there are several challenges that remain. There are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, improved water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. Finally, a national initiative promoting the creation of ‘global cities’ of capital investment and technological innovation is replacing the conception of inclusive, pro-poor development.

Ahmedabad always relatively wealthy city compared to rest of India.* Known for its textile industry. However in the mid-1970s to early 1980s, automation etc. led to closure of several prominent mills. Consequently, forty to fifty thousand people lost their main source of income, and the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation simultaneously lost its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. As new sectors emerged many migrants arrived to Ahmedabad in seek of these few, skill-intensive jobs and eventually ended up in poverty, settling in slums. Chawls.

-> Informal Housing/Slums  

As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers[1]. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained basically constant, and this has led to densification of both formal and informal housing and a more economical use of existing space[1]. Indian census estimates that slum population was 25.6% in 1991 and decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities claim that the census underestimates census populations. There is consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population who lives in slum settlements, and a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents.

** city scape: spatial segregation by religion, occupation, caste**

The write

Slum Networking Project

** add: why did this initiative begin?

To address the increased slum population. Slum residents were willing and able to pay for legal access to services such as water, sewage, and electricity but because of tenure issues were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) partnered with non-governmental organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households. This project, also known as Parivartan (Change) involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure - including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting - and community development - including the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training[2]. In addition, participating households were granted a minimum tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of Rs. 4350 million[3]. Community members and the private sector each contributed Rs. 600 million, NGOs provided Rs. 90 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project. Each slum household was responsible for up to 10% of the cost.

The project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents’ working hours (since most worked by creating products to sell from their homes); reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness; and increased children’s rate of school attendance. The SNP received the 2005 Dubai International Award in 2005 for Best Practice to improve the living Environment. However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for maintenance of the new infrastructure.

** add: conditions before SNP, methods, level of participation, specific examples of criticism, who defines success

Barriers to women’s participation
[add to existing section] Funding and opportunities from government and other institutions may be limited depending on how cooperatives label themselves (“agricultural co-op” versus “women’s co-op,” for example) [1]. Women’s cooperatives are sometimes dismissed as radical political groups, especially if the organization is new. This was the case for Saheli, a Mumbai-based cooperative for sex workers and victims of sex trafficking.

Cultural norms can discourage or prevent women from working outside, so some cooperatives allow women to perform work within their homes. However, childcare and home responsibilities can prevent women from having a regular work schedule, and this may discourage them from working for an organization[1].

Organizational Structures[2] (new section)
Women's cooperatives are often built on ideas of sisterhood, equality, and strength from unity. Consequently, many have rejected non-hierarchical structures in favor of more democratic participation where every member’s input counts equally. Some cooperatives require consensus rather than compromise or majority approval for decision making. Equal participation relies on individuals verbally articulating their opinions to the group; this in itself can be unequal since more experienced and articulate members can dominate discussions. Unlike in profit-oriented organizations, outcomes can be measured in terms of politics and policy, cultural outcomes, mobilization, and self-development.

** add examples of non-hierarchical structures, history of women's coops - what were the first ones like? how is this organization different than normal co-operatives?

** where does funding and other resources come from?