User:PrecariousWorlds/sandbox

to-do:

-Clean up

-Add citations for January 1899

= 2023 AI Safety Summit = The 2023 Artificial Intelligence Safety Summit is an international conference discussing the safety and regulation of Artificial Intelligence. It is being held in Bletchley Park, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, on 1-2 November 2023. It is the first ever global summit on Artificial Intelligence.

Background
During 2023, there has been rapid progress in the development of Artificial Intelligence systems, causing concern from experts about the ethics and risks of AI. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Rishi Sunak has made AI one of the priorities of his government, announcing that the UK would host a global AI Safety conference in Autumn 2023. Representatives from 27 countries, including world leaders, as well as major several AI firms are expected to attend.

Venue
Bletchley Park was a World War II codebreaking facility established by Allied forces on the site of a Victorian manor, 5 km away from the English town of Milton Keynes. It has played an important role in the history of computing, with some of the first modern computers being built at the facility. In preparation, Bletchley Park is closed to the public until the 6th of November.

Agenda
28 countries at the summit have issued an agreement known as the 'Bletchley Declaration', calling for international co-operation to manage the challenges and risks of Artificial Intelligence. Emphasis has been placed on regulating "Frontier AI", a term for the latest and most powerful AI systems. Concerns that have been raised at the summit include the potential use of AI for terrorism, criminal activity, and warfare, as well as existential risk posed to Humanity as a whole.

Tech entrepreneur Elon Musk and Prime Minister Rishi Sunak are expected to do a live interview on AI Safety on the 2nd of November.

President of the United States Joe Biden has signed an executive order requiring AI developers to share safety results with the US government.

Future
The next AI Safety Summit is expected to be hosted by South Korea in Mid-2024, followed by France in a year's time from now.

Notable attendees
The following individuals are expected to attend the summit:

Rishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States

Charles III, King of the United Kingdom (attending virtually)

Elon Musk, Owner of SpaceX, Tesla, Neuralink, and xAI

Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission

Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI

Nick Clegg, President of Global Affairs at Meta Platforms

= January 1899 = The following events occured in January 1899:

January 1, 1899 (Sunday)

 * Spanish rule ends in the Captaincy General of Cuba, concluding 400 years of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.
 * Queens and Staten Island become administratively part of New York City.

January 2, 1899 (Monday)

 * Bolivia sets up a customs office in Puerto Alonso, leading to the Brazilian settlers there to declare the Republic of Acre in a revolt against Bolivian authorities.
 * In the Dutch East Indies, the first part of the Jakarta Kota–Anyer Kidul railway on the island of Java is opened between Batavia Zuid (Jakarta Kota) and Tangerang.

January 3, 1899 (Tuesday)

 * Hungarian Prime Minister Dezső Bánffy fights an inconclusive duel with his bitter enemy in parliament, Horánszky Nándor.

January 4, 1899 (Wednesday)

 * U.S. President William McKinley's declaration of December 21, 1898, proclaiming a policy of benevolent assimilation of the Philippines as a United States territory, is announced in Manila by the U.S. commander, General Elwell Otis, and angers independence activists who had fought against Spanish rule.
 * The American Society of Landscape Architects, still in existence 123 years later, is founded in New York.

January 5, 1899 (Thursday)

 * A fierce battle is fought between American troops and Filipino defenders at the town of Pililla on the island of Luzon. The Filipinos retreat to the mountains at Tanay.

January 6, 1899 (Friday)

 * Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India.

January 7, 1899 (Saturday)

 * The Lucky Star, an English comic opera composed by Ivan Caryll and produced by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company premieres at the Savoy Theatre in London for the first of 143 performances.

January 8, 1899 (Sunday)

 * The Association football club SK Rapid Wien is founded in Vienna.

January 9, 1899 (Monday)

 * After a successful revolt against the Ottoman Empire by the inhabitants of the island of Crete, the area, which joins the Kingdom of Greece, gets its first constitution, with provisions for a provincial legislature with 138 Christian deputies and 50 Muslim deputies.
 * George F. Hoar, a U.S. Senator for Massachusetts, speaks out in the Senate against American expansion into the Philippines. The text of Hoar's speech is sent by cable to Hong Kong at a cost of $4,000, and is later cited by Ambassador John Barrett on January 13, 1900, as an incitement to Filipino attacks on U.S. troops.

January 10, 1899 (Tuesday)

 * The Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity is founded, at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois.

January 11, 1899 (Wednesday)

 * The Steel Plate Transferrers' Association, the first labor union for workers skilled in siderography (the engraving and mass reproduction of steel plates for newspaper printing) is established. After changing its name to the International Association of Siderographers, it will have 80 members at its peak. It dissolves in 1991, with only eight members left.

January 12, 1899 (Thursday)

 * In the south-west of England, the Lynmouth life-boat Louisa is launched from Porlock Weir, entailing being hauled overland for 15 miles (24 km) with a climb of 1,423 feet (434 m) using 100 volunteers, to save all 18 crew of the Forrest Hall in the Bristol Channel.

January 13, 1899 (Friday)

 * The Canadian Northern Railway is established in Manitoba.

January 14, 1899 (Saturday)

 * The White Star Line's transatlantic ocean liner RMS Oceanic is launched from the Belfast shipyards in Ireland in front of over 50,000 people. At 17,272 gross register tons and 704 ft (215 m), she is the largest ship afloat at this time, following scrapping of the SS Great Eastern a decade earlier. On August 26 she is delivered to Liverpool to begin her maiden voyage on September 6.
 * The British four-masted sailing ship Andelana capsizes during a storm in Commencement Bay off the coast of the U.S. state of Washington, with the loss of all 17 of her crew.

January 15, 1899 (Sunday)

 * The name of Puerto Rico is changed by the new U.S. military government to "Porto Rico". It will not be changed back until May 17, 1932.

January 16, 1899 (Monday)

 * Eduardo Calceta is appointed as Chief of the Army (Jefe General) of the rebel Philippine Republic army by Emilio Aguinaldo.

January 17, 1899 (Tuesday)

 * The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.

January 18, 1899 (Wednesday)

 * The General Assembly of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania begins the task of filling the U.S. Senate seat of Matthew Quay, who has recently resigned after being indicted on criminal charges. After 79 ballots and three months, no candidate has a majority, and the General Assembly refuses to approve the governor's appointment of a successor, so the seat remains vacant for more than two years. The Pennsylvania experience later leads to the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide for U.S. Senators to be directly elected by popular vote, rather than by the state legislatures.

January 19, 1899 (Thursday)

 * The colony of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a condominium shared between the British Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt in modern-day Sudan is formed (it is disbanded in 1956).
 * Future film producer Samuel Goldwyn, born in Poland and later a resident of Germany and England, arrives in the United States at the age of sixteen as Szmuel Gelbfisz.

January 20, 1899 (Friday)

 * The Schurman Commission is created by U.S. President William McKinley to study the issue of the American approach to he sovereignty of the Philippines, ceded to the U.S. on December 10 by Spain. The five-man group, chaired by Cornell University President Jacob Schurman, later concludes that the Philippines will need to become financially independent before a republic can be created.

January 21, 1899 (Saturday)

 * Opel Motors opens for business in Germany.
 * The Malolos Constitution is ratified in the Province of Bulacan by the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

January 22, 1899 (Sunday)

 * The leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne, to discuss the confederation of Australia as a whole.

January 23, 1899 (Monday)

 * Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as President of the First Philippine Republic.
 * Mubarak Al-Sabah, the emir of Kuwait, signs the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899, a secret treaty with the British Empire to accept protectorate status for the Middle Eastern sheikdom in return for British protection of Kuwaiti territory.
 * The British Southern Cross Expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle.

January 24, 1899 (Tuesday)

 * The Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, one of the oldest medical schools in the United States, is founded.

January 25, 1899 (Wednesday)

 * The city of Ponce, Puerto Rico is saved from disaster by seven firemen and one volunteer civilian who disobey orders and stop "El Polverin", a fire near the U.S. Army's store of explosive artillery. A "Monument to the Heroes of El Poverin" is later erected in their honor.

January 26, 1899 (Thursday)

 * U.S. Representative George Henry White of North Carolina, the only African-American in Congress at this time, delivers his first major speech, speaking out against disenfranchisement of black voters and proposing that the number of representatives from a U.S. state should be based on the number of persons of voting age who actually cast ballots, rather than population.
 * German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun, who will later share the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Guglielmo Marconi, receives British Patent No. 1899-1862 for his wireless radio invention "Telegraphy without directly connected wire".

January 27, 1899 (Friday)

 * Camille Jenatzy of France becomes the first man to drive an automobile more than 80 kilometers per hour, almost breaking the 50 mph barrier when he reaches an unprecedented speed of 80.35 kilometres per hour (49.93 mph) in his CGA Dogcart racecar. Jenatzy's speed is more than 20% faster than the January 17 mark of 66.65 kilometres per hour (41.41 mph) set by Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat.

January 28, 1899 (Saturday)

 * At a time when U.S. Senators are elected by the state legislature rather than by ballot, wealthy businessman William A. Clark is elected senator by the Montana state legislature after offering bribes to most of its members. The U.S. Senate refuses to seat him after evidence of the bribery is revealed.
 * The League of Peja, organized by Haxhi Zeka to lobby for a Kosovar Albanian state within the Ottoman Empire, attracts 450 delegates to its first convention, held at the city of Peja, in the modern-day Republic of Kosovo.

January 29, 1899 (Sunday)

 * A lawyer for the estate of John W. Keely, an inventor who had persuaded investors in his Keely Motor Company that an automobile could be created that would operate from Keely's "induction resonance motion motor" which had achieved perpetual motion, reveals that the late Mr. Keely's motor has been a fraud, and that the widow knew nothing of it.

January 30, 1899 (Monday)

 * Dimitar Grekov is appointed as Prime Minister of Bulgaria by King Ferdinand I, but removed from office less than 10 months later on October 13.

January 31, 1899 (Tuesday)

 * Cherokee Nation voters in the Indian Territory (later the U.S. state of Oklahoma) approve a proposition to allot Cherokee lands and to dissolve the Cherokee government, but the U.S. Congress never ratifies the results.

= List of Campaigns in World War I = World War I was a global conflict that lasted from the 28th of July 1914 to the 11th of November 1918. The war was fought on several fronts around the world, mainly involving the Central and Allied Powers, and their colonial empires.

Land Campaigns
= Russ Cook = Russ Cook, also known online as Hardest Geezer, is a British runner who is attempting to become the first person to run the entire length of Africa.

Cook began uploading videos to YouTube in 2019 to chronicle his 2,000 mile, 68 day marathon from Istanbul to London.