User:Previte01/sandbox

Summarized by a graduate student at JHU
1. Wikipedia is very similar to a set of Encyclopedia Britannica

2. As an author, it is your responsibility to stay neutral.

3. Wikipedia is a free world but copyright laws still exist. Don't be a plagiarist.

4. Just like the real world, be polite.

5. The only rule is, there are no rules.

Summary of Characteristics of Target Article
1. Grammar, spelling, and structure are of the utmost importance. The article should have a nice flow to it.

2. A great article should be the proper length. As Goldilocks would say, not too long, not too short, just right.

3. Citations can make or break an article. If you spend the time gathering reliable information, you should spend the time properly citing where that information came from.

4. Be open to additional feedback. The great thing about Wikipedia is that others can add on to your work. As new knowledge comes to light, you should strive to continuously update your article.

5. Have fun. You have the ability to share information with others. If you can be accurate and interesting at the same time, the reader will have a better chance remembering what they read. Analogies when appropriate are a useful tool.

Topic of Choice: Cardiotoxicity of Anthracycline Based Chemotherapy
Anthracyclines are a valuable weapon in the fight against cancer. One of the side effects of anthracycline chemotherapy is cardiotoxicity. The detection of cardiotoxicity is vital in this type of anticancer therapy. Doxorubicin (Dox) is an excellent example of one such drug that is limited by its cardiotoxicity. While the exact mechanism for cardiotoxicity resulting from use of Dox is unknown, Dirks Naylor believes there are three parts to it. The combined effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are proposed as possible cardiotoxicity causes in the article The role of autophagy in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Methods of detection for cardiotoxic chemotherapy can be time consuming an expensive. A diagnostic method is the evaluation of the left ventricular ejection fraction. This is performed with either a radionuclide ventriculography or by echocardiography.

Lead Section
1. Our lead section will define nondisjunction. The current article defines nondisjunction as "the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage 2, specifically in the anaphase." We could choose to keep this definition or improve upon it from our sources/references.

2. We will also establish context as to why nondisjunction is important. We will need to elaborate on why it is harmful and what it can do as a result of its existence. The current article states, "In the event that an aneuploidic gamete is fertilized, a number of syndromes might result. The only known survivable monosomy is Turner syndrome, where the individual is monosomic for the X chromosome. Examples of trisomies include Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)." We can research any other known effects of nondisjunction and perhaps give a little more information on the molecular/cellular effects.

Illustrations
1. One thing we both agree on is that a portion of this article will have images, animations, and or videos of nondisjunction. We will come together as a team to select the best illustrations to help support our article.

2. We can compile a list of possible illustrations and add them to the sandbox of choice. We already have a few listed above.

History
1. I've noticed that a lot of good articles on Wikipedia begin with a history. We should see what kind of references we can find on who discovered nondisjunction, when they discovered it, etc.

2. Were there any awards or notable research associated with this discovery? We can probably keep this section relatively short. Maybe 3-4 sentences at best.

Signs and Symptoms
1. Can we find out physical and molecular signs of of nondisjunction?

Causes
1. If there are multiple causes, we could give it its own section.

Diagnosis
1. How is it diagnosed?

2. Has the way its been diagnosed changed over time with an increase in technology?

3. What tests, machines, techniques are used to diagnose nondisjunction?

Prevention
1. Is there anyway to prevent nondisjunction?

Treatment
1. I have a feeling this may be an non-treatable issues but we could still look into this and give it its own section if warranted.

Research
1. Any current or past research could go here

Textbooks

 * "Avery's Diseases of the Newborn, Chapter 20, Specific Chromosome Disorders in Newborns"
 * → Provides a systematic overview of various causes of aneuploidy. Differentiates between nondisjunction-induced aneuploidy and partial aneuploidies caused by unbalanced rearrangements, (micro)deletions etc.
 * → Describes the nondisjunction-related syndromes trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), Turner syndrome (45,X0), triploidy (69,XXX or 69,XXY).


 * "Human molecular genetics"
 * → Systematic explanation of nondisjunction-related terminology: polyploidy, aneuploidy, triploidy, trisomy, monosomy, mosaicism, chimerism.
 * → Overview of clinical consequences of numerical chromosome abnormalities.


 * "The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease"
 * → The authoritative handbook on molecular and clinical aspects of inherited disease, available in printed and online format.
 * → Has at least three chapters relevant to the topic:
 * 65 - Molecular Cytogenetics of Contiguous Gene Syndromes: Mechanisms and Consequences of Gene Dosage Imbalance
 * 63 - Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
 * 36 - Retinoblastoma (Cytogenetics, nondisjunction and deletion)

Review articles

 * "Etiology of nondisjunction in humans"
 * → Describes and discusses various causes of nondisjunction in humans: recombination and nondisjunction, maternal meiosis I nondisjunction, maternal meiosis II nondisjunction, paternal nondisjunction.
 * → Proposes models of maternal age-related nondisjunction.


 * "Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: state of the art 2011"
 * → Describes current diagnostic techniques of preimplantation genetic screening for aneuploidy that can be offered to parents at increased risk (e.g. previous affected child, known family history, disorder diagnosed in one of the parents).
 * → Reviews preimplantation screening methodology, including embryo biopsy, blastocyst biopsy, and molecular techniques: PCR and multiplex PCR, analysis of microsatellite markers, linkage analysis, whole genome amplification, microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, SNP arrays.


 * "Preimplantation genetic screening: does it help or hinder IVF treatment and what is the role of the embryo?"
 * → Discusses the value of preimplantation genetic screening for improving the success rate of IVF treatment; compares and weighs the benefits and problems of various techniques against each other.


 * "Nondisjunction in trisomy 21: origin and mechanisms"
 * → Short overview of terminology, mechanisms and risk factors of nondisjunction in trisomy 21.


 * "Risk factors for nondisjunction of trisomy 21"
 * → Discusses the influence of age and other additional risk factors (health and environment-related) on the occurrence of nondisjunction in the development of trisomy 21.


 * "Oocyte ageing and its cellular basis"
 * → Current review on molecular mechanisms explaining the increased frequency of nondisjunction occurring in aging oocytes. Points to precocious chromatid separation as an important cause of aneuploidy and discusses increased permissiveness of the spindle assembly checkpoint despite improperly aligned chromosomes as a potential cause of nondisjunction in aging oocytes.


 * "A review of trisomy X (47,XXX)"
 * → Trisomy X is caused by the presence of an additional X chromosome. The variable phenotype of this syndrome is described in this review, including epidemiology, physical and medical features, psychological characteristics, findings in neuroimaging studies, genetics, etiology, diagnosis and prognosis.


 * "Origin and mechanisms of non-disjunction in human autosomal trisomies"
 * → Reviews specific differences in nondisjunction in the causation of several autosomal trisomies (8, 13, 15, 16, 18, and 21) and highlights syndrome-specific differences in disease mechanisms (meiosis I vs meiosis II, and maternal vs paternal nondisjunction).


 * "Spindle formation, chromosome segregation and the spindle checkpoint in mammalian oocytes and susceptibility to meiotic error."
 * → Review examining the contribution of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and the anaphase promoting factor/cyclosome (APC/C) to proper chromosome segregation during meiosis and mitosis.
 * → Discusses age-related reduction in expression of SAC components in mammalian oocytes as possible causes of segregation errors.


 * "Nondisjunction Mutants of the Nematode CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS."

→→Discusses mutations that increase nondisjunction on the X-chromosome. Fifteen mutations in total were studied and characterized.
 * "Mitotic stability of yeast chromosomes: a colony color assay that measures nondisjunction and chromosome loss."

→→A colony color assay that measures chromosome stability is described and use to study several parameters affecting mitotic maintenance of year chromosomes. The assay distinguishes between chromosome loss and nondisjunction. The assay does this by plating large numbers of single cells and determining the frequency of half-sectored colonies (first-division events) within a population of pink sectoring colonies.
 * "DNA topoisomerase II must act at mitosis to prevent nondisjunction and chromosome breakage."

→→They test the hypothesis that is stated in the title of the article using physical and genetic assays.

Illustrations
The ability to embed animation into our article would be useful. Something similar to this. Another good video idea from Youtube.

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