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Grammar Notes
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Grammar Notes For Learners
Grammar: The rule by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences is called grammar.

Parts of speech: All the words in the English language are divided into eight main classes. These classes are called the Parts of Speech. They are Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection. Of these, the Noun is the most important, as all the others are more or less dependent upon.

Noun: Noun is the name of Person, Place or Thing. Example: 	Ali, 	Peshawar	Book Person	    Place		Thing

Singular Noun: Those nouns which denotes one thing is called singular noun. Ex: a pen Plural Noun: Those nouns which denotes more then one thing is called plural noun.Ex: Pens

Adjective: Adjective is a word which gives quality to a Noun or Pronoun. Example:	Ali is a good student. Adj	Noun

Pronoun: A word that used instead of a noun is called Pronoun. It avoids the repetition of a noun in a sentence. Example:	Ali is a boy. He is a good boy Noun 	        Pro	Adj

Verb: It’s taken from a Latin word verbum. That means verb.

1)	It shows an action		Ex:	She plays Soccer.                                                    Verb

2)	It shows state of being		Ex: 	 He is a boy.                                                   Verb

3)     It shows ownership		Ex:	  I have a pen.                                                    Verb

1st verb	 	 2nd verb	       3rd verb	             Verb + ing Base form of verb         Past participle verb   Progressive verb Simple verb	            Passive verb         Present participle verb Adverb: Is a word, which modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb and a complete Sentence

Example:	1) Zainab speaks beautifully.	          Verb	         Adverb

2) Naveed is a very honest person.              Adverb  Adj

3) Unfortunately, he passed away.		    Adverb	  Complete sentence

Preposition: Is a word, which shows relationship between Noun and Pronoun. Ex: On, from, at, in, etc. Example:	Farid is from Afghanistan. She is running on the Road Noun	 Pre	Noun	        	 Pro	        Pre    Noun

Conjunction: Is a word, which joins two words, two phrases, two clauses and two Sentences

Example:	Ali plays, but Jawad sings 	     Saboor and Naveed           etc Clause 	  Conj	  Clause		    Conj

Interjection: It shows suddenly happened. Or when a person shocked by some thing. Yahooo! I have won the match 		Hip Hip Horryyy! I have passed the exam Interj					Interj

Tenses Tense: It taken from a Latin word “Tempus” which means time and there are three 3 kind of times. 1)	Present 2)	Past 3)	Future

Present

 Present continues tense  Simple present tense  Present perfect tense  Present perfect continues tense

Present continues tense: 1)	It shows which is happening right now

2)	It shows an action which is at the moment of the speaking

3)	It shows temporary actions Example:	 She is watching TV.			Are they praying together?	 Isn’t he running on the Road?	We are not going to school

Structure Positive: Subject + Tobeverb + Verb + ing + Complement She                is                     playing           game.

Negative: Subject + Tobe-verb + Not + Verb + ing + Complement They 	     are               not             talking          to me.

Interrogative: Tobeverb + Subject + Verb + ing + Complement +? Is 		he	working       at night?

Negative Interrogative: Tobeverb + Not + Subject + Verb + ing + Complement +? Are            not         you        studying     at Peshawar university?

Simple present tense: It shows habitually actions, Daily actions, naturally actions, and facts.

Examples:	She works hard. They don’t study hard at home Does he go to collage? Don’t you love you life? Structure

Positive: singular Subject + 1st verb + s, es + complement She           loves          her life.

Positive: Subject + 1st verb + complement We          eat        simple food

Negative: Subject + Do/does + Not + 1st verb + complement They        do                not      go to bazaar. (Plural) Laila      does              not      go to bazaar        (singular)

Interrogative: Do/does + Subject + 1st verb + complement +? Do           they           pray     five times a day? Does          she             write     a latter?

Negative interrogative: Do/does + Not + Subject + 1st verb + Complement +? Do            not      you               drink           water? Does        not       he               speak           English?

Present perfect tense: 1) It shows an action which started in the past and finished in the past, but the time is unclear. Ex:	I have gone to UK.

2) It shows repetition of an action Ex:     She has played soccer many times

3) It shows an action which started in the past and continues to the present may or may not go to future. Ex:      I have lived in Pakistan since 1992.

4)	It shows an action which started in the past and finished in the past, but the result is in the present. Ex:	She has broken her lag.		They have read the news paper.					Structure

Positive: Subject + Have/has + 3rdverb + Complement I        have         done        my homework

Negative: Subject + Have/has/ + Not + 3rdverb + complement She          has               not       written     a latter

Interrogative: Have/has + Subject + 3rdverb + complement +? Have              you     gone         to       Saudi Arabia?

Negative Interrogative: Have/has + Not + Subject + 3rdverb + complement +? Have           not         we        eat          the dinner before?

Since: It shows starting of an action		I have lived in Pakistan since 1992

For: It shows duration of an action		I have lived in Pakistan for 18 years

Present perfect continues tense: It shows an action that started in the past, still continues, but not completed yet

Positive: Subject + Have/has + been + verb + ing + Complement They      have            been         eating        apples for 20 minutes

Negative: Subject + Have + has + Not + been + verb + ing + complement She           has               not        been     waiting for the bus since 12: O clock

Interrogative: Have/has + subject + been + verb + ing + complement +? Have           you        been        writing      for     2 hours?

Negative Interrogative: Have/has + not + Subject + been + verb + ing + complement? Have        not         we       been      reading since morning?

Past

 Past tense  Past progressive tense  Past perfect tense  Past perfect progressive tense

Simple past tense: It shows an action which started in the past and finished in the past, but the time is clear. Structure

Positive: Subject + 2ndverb + complement Farid        went           to UK last year.

Negative:

Subject + did + Not + 1stverb + complement. / Saboor did not buy a mobile last night Interrogative:

Did + subject + 1stVerb + complement +? Did     you          study        last    night?

Negative interrogative: Did + Not + Subject + 1stverb + complement +? Did     not      Laila           go      to       hospital   yesterday?

Past continues tense:

1)	It shows progressive past an action Ex:    She was playing soccer.

2)	It shows two progressive past action at the time. Ex: While Ali was swimming, the boys were fighting.

3) It shows progressive past an action which was stop by another action in the past Ex: I was teaching English. She came				       Structure

Positive: Subject + was/were + verb + ing + complement She             was              working     at office.

Negative: Subject + was/were + Not + Verb + ing + complement They          were          not        painting          the house

Interrogative: Was/were + Subject + Verb + ing + complement +? Was           Saboor       studying         hard   at school?

Negative interrogative: Was/were + Not + subject + Verb + ing + complement +? Were          not      you            eating          dinner at KFC?

When:    Simple past tense / Past continues tense.

While:    Past continues tense.

Past perfect tense: It shows an action which was completed before another action in the past. Ex: I had eaten lunch, when she came.

 Structure Positive: Subject + had + 3rdverb + complement She          had       done       her home work Negative: Subject + had + Not + 3rdverb + complement They        had      not       read       the book Interrogative: Had + sub + 3rdverb + complement +? Had    you     bought a computer, when you were in UK? Negative interrogative: Had + Not + Subject +3rdverb + complement +? Had     not      they        chatted   with each other before?

Past perfect progressive tense: It shows the duration of an action which was progressive before another action in the past. Ex: I had been sleeping since 9:00 pm. When you ringing me.

Positive: Subject + had + been + verb + ing + complement You        had   been       working    here   since 1998. Negative: Subject + had + Not + been + verb + ing + complement She         had     not     been    eating       meal for 2 days Interrogative: Had + Subject + been + verb + ing + complement +? Had    you          been      waiting     for 10 minutes? Negative interrogative: Had + Not + subject + been + verb + ing + complement +? Had   not      Nizam    been      writing a Topic about Darra-e-khayber?

Future

 Simple Future tense  Future continues tense  Future Perfect Tense  Future perfect progressive tense

Simple future tense: 1)	It shows an action that will be happen in the future. Ex: I will pass the test.	2) It shows an action that we can’t stop. Ex: All people will die one day.

Structure Positive: Subject + will + 1stverb + complement She         will     play     in      stadium Negative: Subject + will + Not + 1stverb + complement She          will    not     call     to       the telephone office. Interrogative: Will + subject + 1stverb + complement +? Will     they       win       the      final match? Negative interrogative: Will + Not + Subject + 1stverb + complement +? Will   not        you        write      a story next Monday?

Future progressive tense: It shows an action that will be progressive in the future. Ex: She will be going to Lahore tomorrow.

Structure Positive: Subject + will + be + verb + ing + complement I           will       be       teaching   English tomorrow in this time. Negative: Subject + will + be + Not + verb + ing + complement We        will     be    not     driving   together. Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb + ing + complement +? Will    Rabia     be     singing     at the concert? Negative interrogative: Will + Not + Subject + be + verb + ing + complement +? Will   not     they         be      running        on the road?

Future perfect tense: It shows an action that will be happen before another action in the future. Ex:  She will have eaten the dinner

Structure Positive: Subject + will + have + 3rdverb + complement They      will     have     read     the news paper Negative: Subject + will + Not + 3rdverb + complement We     will    not    done      our work Interrogative: Will + Subject + have + 3rdverb + complement +? Will   you     have     written    an application for me? Negative interrogative: Will + Not + Subject + have + 3rdverb + complement +? Will   not     Naveed     have   eaten   the    dinner?