User:Prioryman/List of fortifications of Gibraltar

This list of fortifications of Gibraltar provides an index to the fortifications of Gibraltar, constructed over the course of nearly a thousand years by Moorish, Spanish and British occupants. The fortifications provide what Darren Fa and Clive Finlayson have termed not only "a rich testament to extended periods of human conflict" but also "a unique record of the evolution of fortifications spanning the better part of a millennium." They have seen numerous conflicts including fourteen sieges in 500 years, the scars of which can still be seen in some places.

Background
Gibraltar was first fortified around 1068 by the Moors of North Africa who had captured it 350 years earlier during the Islamic conquest of Iberia. Its location on the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean in a narrow passage of water where Europe and Africa are only 15 mi apart, has made it a place of enormous strategic significance. The territory consists of a narrow peninsula only 6 km long by 1 km wide. It is dominated by the steep (and in places near-vertical) slopes of the Rock of Gibraltar, which rises to a height of 426 m. Gibraltar's coast is mostly rocky and lined with cliffs.

These factors have made it highly defensible. James Fergusson, writing in 1849, commented:

"Gibraltar owes its strength principally to nature, or rather to the advantage that has been taken of the natural capabilities of the Rock, to procure an overwhelming fire, both rasant and plongeant, on the only ground of approach, which renders it impossible to push the trenches up to the battries, and is sufficient to silence any fire that may be brought against it; and as, thanks to the rock galleries, a great portion of this fire is effectually casemated, the place is justly considered impregnable on that side at least."

Its natural advantages have been supplemented over the centuries by the construction of a complex network of fortifications. It has evolved from a small walled citadel founded by the Moors into a labyrinth of defensive walls, bastions, gun batteries, moles, casemates, escarpments, trenches and tunnels. Although Gibraltar is now largely demilitarised, the entire peninsula is still dominated by its massively constructed and omnipresent fortifications.

Topography of fortifications
The sandy isthmus linking Spain and Gibraltar was heavily fortified at its northern end, where the Spanish built the Lines of Contravallation in 1734. The Lines were a continuous line of curtain walls, redans and bastions with two major forts at each end, built across the entire width of the peninsula. After being used to support the Great Siege of Gibraltar between 1779–83, they were destroyed by the British in 1810 during the Peninsular War to prevent Napoleonic France making use of them.

Immediately south of the Spanish lines was an area of neutral ground which stretched as far as the northernmost edge of the Rock of Gibraltar. The British fortifications began just north of this point, technically within the neutral ground – a fact that angered the Spanish government. The fortifications can be grouped into a number of key localities where they were established to meet particular defensive needs:

Landport Front
The Landport Front comprises the area at sea level around and in front of the Landport Gate, formerly the single landward entry point into the town of Gibraltar. As this area has taken the brunt of almost every attack mounted against Gibraltar, it is massively fortified. The town of Gibraltar occupies a narrow strip in the north-west of the peninsula, sandwiched between the Rock and the sea. Landward access to the town was obstructed by the flooded area of the Inundation which restricted traffic to a narrow causeway leading up to the Landport Gate, accessed via a drawbridge over a deep ditch. The wall of the Grand Battery and a curtain wall progressing up the slope en cremèllaire (in a stepwise fashion) block an attacker's access to this area. Some of Gibraltar's oldest fortifications are located around the Landport Front, including the 12th to 15th century Moorish Castle and 16th to 17th century Spanish walls. A series of mostly 18th century British-built bastions are also to be found here.

The Landport defences were supplemented by the Spanish-built Old Mole, jutting out into the Bay of Gibraltar at the north end of the town. As well as providing shelter and protected unloading facilities for ships, the Old Mole (also known as the Devil's Tongue) was used by the British to mount a battery of powerful guns covering first the isthmus and later the bay. It was greatly altered by the British in the 19th century, when it was extended much further out and a detached mole was built to narrow the gap between the Old Mole in the north and the New Mole further south.

Northern Defences
The lower part of the north side of the Rock of Gibraltar rises in a sheer cliff face which is 426 m high. Facing the isthmus, it is the part of Gibraltar that is most exposed to an attack from the land. A series of ledges on the north-west flank of the Rock were incorporated into the defences by the Moors and further adapted by the Spanish, but the present-day fortifications are predominately British, mostly constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries with some 20th century additions.

They comprise a series of walls and rock-cut trenches in the King's, Queen's and Prince's Lines, equipped with bombproof magazines and shelters; the tunnel systems of the Upper, Middle and Lower Galleries, dug to serve as shell-proof communications routes and gun positions behind the North Face; and a number of casemated batteries. This area of the fortifications was built to bombard an attacking force on the isthmus, to block access to the high ground on the North Face and to enfilade any attempt to storm the town via the isthmus. It is heavily scarped to prevent an enemy climbing the cliffs.

Willis's
Above the Northern Defences, Willis's Plateau is an area of high ground named after a British officer who distinguished himself in the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar in 1704 is the site of a number of batteries. It was actively used from the 18th to the mid-20th centuries, latterly as the site of a number of 5.25-inch guns capable of being used in a dual role against aircraft and ships. The area's commanding location provides firing positions over the isthmus to the north and the Bay of Gibraltar to the west.

Line Wall
The west side of the town of Gibraltar has historically been one of the directions from which it has been most vulnerable – the British capture of Gibraltar in 1704 was achieved by assaulting it from the sea – and successive occupants have sought to fortify it against this threat. The Spanish and probably the Moors built fortifications here, but the current walls, bastions and counterguards are British, built to withstand amphibious landings and to counter bombardments from ships in the bay. They originally stood next to the shoreline but large-scale land reclamation in the 19th and 20th centuries has meant that they are now inland.

South Front
The defences of the South Front – as its name suggests, on the south side of the town – include some of the most intact Spanish fortifications in Gibraltar. They include the Southport Gates (which still have the arms of Charles I of Spain carved on them) and the Charles V Wall, which climbs the west side of the Rock in a highly visible en cremèllaire fashion. They were improved by the British in the 18th century by the construction of bastions and artillery batteries. The development of long-range artillery eventually made this area of the fortifications obsolete. Adjoining the South Front, the Spanish built a South Mole extending into the bay to provide shelter for ships and enfilading fire against enemies attempting to approach from the south.

Retired Batteries
During the 19th century a series of 'retired' batteries was constructed on the hillside above the town, following recommendations made in a report of 1841. Improvements in the range and accuracy of naval artillery had made the batteries along the Line Wall highly vulnerable to bombardment. Moving the batteries inland and uphill dealt with this problem by making the batteries more difficult to target and easier for the defenders to conceal, and increased the range of the guns by virtue of their greater height. The batteries were all west-facing to counter enemy ships in the bay

Upper Ridge
The Upper Ridge of the Rock of Gibraltar runs for approximately 4 km between the cliffs of the North Face and the peak on which O'Hara's Battery stands. As the highest point in the territory, it was first fortified by the British with the construction of Rock Gun Battery in 1789 and is the site of some of the last fortifications to be built, four batteries constructed in 1899–1902 to mount 9.2-inch breach-loading coastal defence guns. The guns had the power and range to enable the British not only to hit targets in the Strait but also to reach the Spanish mainland and the North African coast on the far side of the Strait. They were the last artillery installations to be decommissioned, with their last firing taking place in April 1976.

East Side
The East Side has only ever been lightly defended, as the prospect of an amphibious attack has always been remote. There are few places where a landing can be made, no flat ground where an attacking force can be deployed and the sheer slope of the Rock blocks access to the town on the western side. At the most it could only have sustained a foothold for a small enemy force. To counter this possible threat, a small number of batteries, bunkers and observation posts were constructed there, some during the Second World War for anti-aircraft defence.

West Side
A series of batteries and fortified positions was constructed in the 19th century along the west side of the peninsula below the town, particularly around the Rosia Bay area, which is Gibraltar's only natural harbour, and the strategically vital Royal Navy base at the Gibraltar Dockyard. They were developed further in the 20th century. The threat of heavily armoured battleships mounting powerful guns prompted the British to install two of the heaviest (and among the last) muzzle-loading artillery pieces ever made. Napier and Victoria batteries were each provided with a 17.72 inch Rifled Muzzle Loading gun, dubbed the "100 ton guns" (though actually weighing 102 tons). They were slow, unreliable and obsolete within a few years of being installed. One of the guns is still in situ today and has been fired as recently as 2002.

Windmill Hill
A high plateau at the south end of the peninsula, Windmill Hill overlooks the lower ground of Europa Flats and presents a strong defensive position from which an invader could easily be enfiladed. It was extensively fortified by the British during the 19th century with the construction of multiple batteries and mobile gun sites. A garrison occupied the Retrenched Barracks at the north end of Windmill Hill, blocking access to the higher ground.

Europa Flats
The flat plateau in the far south of Gibraltar around Europa Point is ringed with natural cliffs, has no natural beaches and is prone to fast-flowing currents. Nonetheless it has long been seen as a possible landing point for invaders. The Moors and Spanish built some fortifications here, though what can be seen today is predominately British. The cliffs were scarped to make them harder to climb and a series of batteries was constructed to keep attackers at a distance. Perimeter walls were built to add further defence, along with a Defensible Barracks, housing a small garrison.

Index of fortifications
The following sections list the individual fortifications of Gibraltar, grouped by type, coordinates, sector and date of construction (where known).

Batteries

 * Eliott's Battery
 * Eliott's Practice Battery
 * Engineer Battery
 * Europa Advance Batteries
 * Europa Batteries
 * Europa Pass Batteries
 * Farringdon's Battery
 * Forbes' Batteries
 * Gardiner's Battery
 * Genista Battery
 * Genoese Batteries
 * Governor's Lookout Battery
 * Grand Battery (Muralla de San Bernardo)
 * Green's Lodge Battery
 * Half Way Battery
 * Hanover Battery
 * Harding's Battery
 * Hayne's Cave Battery
 * Hutment Battery
 * Jews' Cemetery Battery
 * Jones' Battery
 * King's Lines Battery
 * Lady Augusta's Battery
 * Lady Louisa's Battery
 * Levant Battery
 * Lewis' Battery
 * Lighthouse Battery
 * Little Bay Battery
 * Lord Airey's Battery
 * Martin's Battery (or Mediterranean Battery)
 * Middle Hill Battery
 * Mount Misery Battery
 * Napier of Magdala Battery
 * New Mole Battery
 * North Mole Elbow Battery
 * O'Hara's Battery
 * Orillon Battery
 * Parson's Lodge Battery
 * Prince Ferdinand's Battery
 * Prince George's Battery
 * Prince of Wales Batteries
 * Prince William's Battery
 * Princess Amelia's Battery
 * Princess Anne's Battery (Willis's Battery) [San Joaquin, San Jose]
 * Princess Caroline's Battery
 * Princess Charlotte's Battery
 * Princess Royal's Battery (Queen Anne's/Queen's Battery)
 * Queen's Battery
 * Queen Charlotte's Battery
 * Raglan's Battery
 * Rock Gun Battery
 * Rooke Battery
 * Rosia Batteries
 * Saluting Battery
 * Scud Hill Battery
 * Signal Hill Battery
 * Sir Herbert Miles Promenade (Columbine Battery)
 * South Batteries
 * Spur Battery
 * Spyglass Battery
 * St. George's Battery
 * Tovey Battery
 * Tower Battery
 * Upper Battery
 * Victoria Battery
 * Waterport Battery
 * West Battery
 * White Rock Battery
 * Willis' Battery
 * Windmill Hill Batteries
 * Woodford's Battery
 * Zoca Flank Battery, 1879