User:Prof.Dr.Abather Saadoon/sandbox

= The Gutian occupation of Iraqi ancient =

As long as the Lulubo tribes threatened the land of Iraq, they were subjected, in the second half of the third millennium BC, to the invasion of the Gothic tribes that attacked the Akkadian state and led to its fall and caused the complete destruction of cities and countries. The Gutians are among the barbarian peoples that did not know civilization, and they settled in the eastern and northeastern fronts of Mesopotamia, that is, in the mountainous areas extending to the Zagros mountain range. They were also adjacent to the Lulubo tribes in their area of ​​settlement south of the Shahrazur region southeren of Iraq. It is not known for certain the origin of the Gutians, whether they were of Indo-European peoples or not, because they did not leave written documents in their language, so nothing is known about their language. However, what is known about them are some of the names of their kings mentioned in the Sumerian kings tables, which are assigned to them twenty-one kings who ruled (125) years old. The rule of one of them did not exceed five or six years, which indicates the great chaos and turmoil that prevailed in Iraq during their rule. The Gutians continued to be mentioned in historical records until the late eras, where their descendants were mentioned as “Gotu” in the letters of the city of “Mary” during the (second millennium BC), King Utuhigal ( Utu-he-gal ) mentioned in his writings that the Kutians are a snake and a mountain scorpion as they were referred to in the news of the Assyrian kings and their military campaigns repeatedly. In it, one of the poets, describing the capital, said, “Akkad,” before the Gothic invaders reached it, as follows:

In those days the dwellings of Akkad were filled with gold

Its shining and shining houses are filled with silver

And to its stores he was carrying copper, lead and lapis lazuli...

Her old women were given the payment of opinion

And its elders are endowed with eloquence of the tongue

And its youth were known for their brutality

And her little ones were given cheerful hearts...

The whole country was living in safety

And their shepherd king Naram-suen

Stepping like the sun towards the throne of confirmed sacred

okay ! Its walls extended to the sky like tall mountains..."

The Gutians and the confused political situation in the capital Akkad
The Gutians took advantage of the confusion of the political situation in the capital, Akkad, so they launched a violent attack on the Akkadian cities and swept them. The tables of kings mentioned two other rulers, Dudu, who ruled for 21 years, and his son Shudurul who ruled for 15 years. In light of the available historical evidence, it can be said that the Guti occupation did not include the entire land of Iraq, but rather was a partial occupation, concentrated in some northeastern cities of Iraq. This is confirmed by some cuneiform texts that indicate that the Akkadian ruler Shudurul had such strong power that his influence reached the region of Eshnunna, and some researchers assume that these two rulers were ruling under the Guti occupation. Then the Gutian invaders withdrew after their destruction of the city of Akkad and other cities to the northern sides of Iraq and took the city of Arabakha (Kirkuk) as their center.

Therefore, it seems that the impact of the Guti occupation in the southern part of Iraq was relatively lighter than it was in the north. The reason for this is because the mountainous Gothic invaders were not accustomed to fighting in the marshes in the south on the one hand, and they did not feel reassured in the flat lands, as they could not adapt themselves to live in them, and they found themselves ignorant of the Sumerian ways of life, so they felt lost between On the other hand, temples and gardens, between houses and homes, in the markets where buying and selling takes place, and in the rivers in which boats and ships pass, on the other hand. As a result, the Sumerian cities continued to enjoy some political and commercial freedom.

Two Sumerian dynasties are the fourth Warka dynasty (five kings ruled for 30 years). And the second Lagash dynasty (2200-2100 BC), whose rule was successively followed by a number of princes who were able to extend the boundaries of their power beyond the boundaries of their cities. Prince Gudea is one of the most famous princes of this dynasty, who was known for his extensive activities, as he mentioned in one of his texts that he extended his influence beyond the boundaries of the city of Lagash, and also claimed that he extended his influence over the cities of Nippur and Warka. He was also able to carry out many construction, commercial and even military works, as it was indicated in the text of an inscription on one of his statues, that he waged war on the city of Anshan in Elam.

The Gutian occupiers were able to control the reins of government in Iraq for a relatively long period that lasted about a century (2200-2120 BC). It appears from the study of the relevant texts that the Gutians were less civilized than the level of the country's population, so they became under the influence of their civilizational elements, until some of their later kings called themselves Akkadian names. They were also influenced by the religious beliefs that prevailed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, as the Kutians did not mention a specific religion, rituals or teachings that they could impose on the population of Iraq at the time, and thus the period of the rule of the Gutians is one of the first dark eras in the ancient history of Iraq.

Utuhigal ( Utu-he-gal ) took his capital, Warka, and its suburb, Kullab, as a center for gathering his forces and preparing to launch an attack on the Gutian under his command. And in accordance with the habit of the population in ancient Iraq, which links the facts of things and events with their religious beliefs, so the texts of the war of liberation document were attributed to the desire of the gods and the implementation of their orders. In that, Utuhigal ( Utu-he-gal ) mentioned that the god Enlil, the god of royal authority, was entrusted with the task of destroying the Gothians. This hatred was clearly reflected in the text of Utuhigal ( Utu-he-gal ), which describes the Gothic occupier as: “The mountain snake and scorpion, who raised his hand over the gods, and transferred the kingship of Sumer to foreign lands, and filled Sumer with enmity and hatred, he removed the wife from whoever had a wife, and the child from whom He had a child, and he set up enmity and disobedience in the country...... ".

After four days of marching from Uruk, Utohigal's soldiers reached a place known as Nagsu, which is located on a river called Iturngal.

It is clear through the study of the liberation document that the residents of Dabrum had a high patriotic spirit so that they did not provide any help or assistance to the Guti king, but rather quickly arrested Trikan with his family members and handed him over to the messengers of the Sumerian leader Utohigal. The document concludes with the following text:

When Trikan came before Utohigal, he threw himself at his feet, and Utohigal put his foot on his neck, expressing his defeat and defeat.