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Defination, Meaning, Nature and importance/significance of International Relations. 7-17 INTRODUCTION. International Relations are that branch of Social science, which relates to the external political life of State. George Bernard Shaw the famous dramatist and the thinker of the 20th century calls political science as the sciences by alone civilization can be saved. Following the end of WW 11 International Relations has superseded the role of Political science, confined it to the boundaries of a state, and proved that it can save the world from annihilation. “The present world is passing through a tumultuous period ever since the dawn of the 1990s, with no signs of relenting. Nevertheless, in the present century and especially after 9/11 the nature and scope of International Relations has altered significantly and a Govt/leader equipped with the knowledge and sinews of international politics can save and procure nations strategic and economic interests. The international system has become somewhat less polarized and more flexible in terms of alignment patterns. The ideological conflict between communist and the non-communist East and West has been eliminated, but new conflicts has turned up in the shape invisible enemy. The approach of conflict is compounded with cooperation among states. Worst enemies of past are cooperating with each other despite divergent policies on global issues. Nevertheless, other problems such as the North and South struggle between rich and poor states exists, one’s enemies on one axis of conflict might be allies on some other axis. Conflict has been shifted from ideological aspects to economic interests. Every state is searching for procuring its vital interest without coming into conflict with other states. Conflicts are going on between Christianity and Islam, Hinduism verses Islam and Jews and Islam with the help of Islamic states/ leaders in one way or the other. Following the incident of 9/11, and subsequent threat from unseen enemy Terrorism the patterns of Int: Politics has completely been transformed. As man is social animal of the society so are the international units in the International comity. As man cannot live, alone so states cannot sustain individually. Therefore, like man state has to maintain relations with other states. The state has to maintain relations with other state for many reasons. The main factor is to get benefit and other factor is fear. The benefit is accruing from trade and cooperation in various vital fields. The fear of being subjugated by other big and strong states compels states to maintain relations to preserve its territorial integrity and independence of citizens. These factors started the process/ history of international relations among states throughout the annals of history. It is a multifaceted field where every state has to take steps considering the wishes and aspirations of other states. Although every state is free to pursue independent foreign policy, yet it has to take into account the sentiments and anticipated repercussions of foe and friend alike. Definitions. According to Norman D. Palmer and Howard C. Perkins, “The Study of International Relations is not a science with which we solve the problems of international life. At its best it is an objective and systematic approach to those problems.” Jeremy Bentham first used the term International Relations in the later part of Eighteenth century with regard to Laws of Nations. Consequently, the term got currency and used to define the official relations between two or more than two sovereign states. Some scholar and strategist even include the economic, social and cultural relations amongst the states within the ambit/ purview of the IR/subject. According to Stanley Hoffman “international relations is concerned with the factors and the activities which affect the external policies and the powers of the basic units into which the world is divided”. Hartmann opines that International Relations, as a field of study focused upon the process by which states adjust their national interest to those of other states. In today’s interdependent and complicated world, even a Super Power is not free to take any action in the world politics without considering other global, regional powers, international and regional institutions. Because, it has to maintain diplomatic, commercial and strategic relations with other strategically located states and resources rich countries. When USA concludes a ‘Henry and Hyde’ nuclear pact with India bypassing and ignoring Pakistan, Pakistan showed its displeasure and protested against this deal. USA is also considering the national interest of Pakistan and reaffirm that his policy towards Pak would remain same. Subsequently, United States has to clarify its position, assured that balance of power in the region would not disturbed, and USA will regard Pakistan as an ally and support its principled stand on mutual issues. When China and India normalized their relations, China also assured Pakistan that normalization of relation would not affect Pakistan’s relations with China and always support its stand and position on issues concerning Pakistan. They have to consider the aspirations of Pakistan, which is suitable for them for many strategic reasons. Without Pakistan’s active cooperation and assistance, they are unable to preserve their vital strategic interest not only in the region but also in the world. Pakistan being a Muslim country has to look to brethren Muslim countries before formulating foreign policy or dealing with other powers of world. It has to consider the repercussions and annoyance of Muslim countries. It was evident during the formation of Muslim block headed by Saudi Arabia and Saudi Qatar tension. The USA is enhancing strategic and trade relations with India to contain China. The US is also assuring China that its relations with India are not against it. All and sundry know that they are erecting edifice against China to contain its influence in IO, Pacific Ocean, South Asia, ME, and Africa.

Development of International Relations in the World The International relations has primitive/ancient/ old history. It existed with the commencement of state. In primitive time the states were so large that it could not even conducted its own internal affairs so that they deliberately ignored foreign relations. It actually started from Europe (Peace treaty of Westphalia 24 October 1648) and now no country can survive without pursuing it. Following the industrial revolution, the world has considerably shrunk. The improvement in means of communication further brought the states closer and greatly contributed to the development of International Relations. The real multifaceted International Relations developed after the end of WW II, establishment of UN and the demise of British Empire. As we know that International Relations was the branch of political science but following the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) it acquired status of an independent discipline and even surpassed the Political Science. The real multifaceted International Relations developed after the conclusion of Westphalia Treaty. The passage of time has brought about diverse changes in the European politics. These include the dawn of representative governments, the industrial revolution, demographic changes, unavoidability of economic interdependence, and urge for formulation of procedures for the amicable settlement of political disputes. The development of International Relations started its journey from Westphalia to Utrecht, Utrecht to Vienna (1815), Vienna to Versailles (1919) and Versailles to end of WW11 and to present international scenario. During these periods, the race for colonial supremacy among powers of Europe was in full swing. These treaties established a balance of power in Europe and no European state could act without considering other states reaction. Whenever they violated the settled tenets of International Relations, they annihilated and destroyed each other. After the end of World War one and II, various developments took place in European politics, which contributed for the development of International Relations not only in Europe but also in the colonized countries/regions/world. The centre of power was shifted from Europe to America. The study of International Relations emphasizes the study and analysis of factors and influences which shape the behaviors of international units. The development of the study of international relations got a rapid thrust after the WW one and II, which had shaken the entire edifice of international politics of Europe. The IR was consolidated after the establishment of UN in 1945. There were only 51 states at the time of establishment of UN but now there are more than 192 states of UN system. The IR is rapidly changing and developing leaving behind other fields. The IR has made the world one global unit. In the post war period and post 9/11 era, diverse dynamic elements sprang up in international field, which have not only complicated the study of international relations but also widened its scope. The United Nation was established to save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war. The scope of International Relations extended and it brought within its domain the functioning of international institution and its role of maintaining world peace and promoting socio economic development. Inclement cold war started between two super powers because of suspicious policies pursued by two super powers. The Communist and socialist philosophy was gaining ground and Communist revolution was established in China in 1948. The Eastern European countries were fallen to Socialist philosophy. The United States in order to contain threatening ideology established alliance system, such as North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO (“April 4, 1949 ), South East Asian Treaty Organisation SEATO (“September 8, 1954” ), and Central Treaty Organisation CENTO (“February 24, 1955”). NATO was the first of the major, formal regional security arrangements. Two mighty states of Asia by population and area wise were posing a direct ideological threat to the capitalist philosophy. The former USSR also established WARSAW pact (“May 14, 1955). These pacts were basically aimed to contain and annihilate each other. Third world countries emerged, following the initiation of decolonization process by the United Nations. The countries of third world also united under the umbrella of NAM. The destruction of European powers forced them to relegate occupied territories. The push by former USSR also helped these poor and subjugated countries to get freedom from European colonial powers. The former Soviet Union itself disintegrated in December 1991 and Muslim Central Asian republics emerged on the map of world.

Scope of Int Relations The scope of international relations has significantly expanded due to emergence of new states on the face of globe. In its nascent stage, it was concerned only with the study of diplomatic history, foreign policies and International Law. In sixteenth and seventeenth century, it was different from today’s complex international Politics. Its scope is constantly changing and acquiring more fields of study under its domain. In pre WWII days, European leaders conducted IR. The scope of ir was further expanded with the establishment of international organisations, emergence of two super powers, intense cold war, decolonization, efforts to denuclearize the world, consolidation of peace under the umbrella of UN and economic, social, environmental security and stability of world. The changing scope of IR forced the leaders to shift their policy of territorial sovereignty to human security. Since the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 by former Soviet Union and especially after 9/11 attacks the scope of IR has extended to the methods of countering terrorism perpetrated by non-state actors and comprehensive relations among states. That incident has altered the scope of Int Relations. The eminence of International Relations has salvaged the subjugated humanity from the clutches of European Colonialism and communist system. It helped the establishment of United Nations Organization that was forced by the changing scenario of international politics to initiate the process of decolonization. The forces of international Relations have come with flying colours and the number of sovereign international units increased from 51 to 192. The world leaders have been forced to divert their attention to the betterment of human security rather than territorial security. The study of International Relations has compelled the leaders of world to fight collectively against their common enemy and raise the living standard of humanity irrespective of race, creed, region and religion. The forces of IR compelled the leaders of world to relegate the idea of war and cooperate with one another. The scope of international relations has greatly expanded in modern times due to emergence of new states on the face of globe. In its nascent stage, it was concerned only with the study of diplomatic history, foreign policies and International Law. In sixteenth and seventeenth century, it was different from today’s complex international Politics. Its scope is constantly changing and acquiring more fields of study under its domain. In pre WWII days International Relations was conducted by western diplomats and leaders. Since the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 by former Soviet Union and especially after 9/11 attack and nowadays the western leaders are dependent on the crucial collaboration of Muslim States such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt and newly emerged Central Asian States. The western world is dependent on the oil and gas of Muslin States and striving to control this natural wealth. State system is the starting point of the development of international relations. The state system has contributed for the evolution of International Relation. The ambit of international relations has been the development and interactions of state. State has and will remain the domain of International Relations. However, the number and size of states will change. At the “time of establishment of UN, there were only 51 countries while today there are 192 sovereign countries. Therefore, the extent of International Relations has widened and extended to all sovereign and independent states of world. As we know that International Relations is the struggle for power to manipulate and impose will upon others. National power has remain the basic factor which gives a state a capacity or power to acquire national interest and at the same time it makes a state effective in international transactions. The Great Britain before the WW II had potential and power hence; it controlled and shaped the contours of world politics. However, after the WW II, it lost its national power and prestige therefore, could not perpetuate its rule over its colonies. The USA has enormous national power and it is able to impose its will upon the weaker states. The former Soviet Union “during the cold war has also enough national power to withstand the antagonist policies of USA. However, it could not withstand the onslaught of USA carried out with the help of Muslim world and was buried in the mountains of Torabora and give birth to many independent sovereign states from Baltic Sea to Central Asia. After disintegration, it has not been able to pursue confrontational policy hence become partner of USA and adopted cooperative policy. The states interact through their foreign policies and thus, foreign policy in International Relations is like a charter containing the national interest showing the areas of agreeability and incompatibility. The foreign policy of countries has greatly contributed to the development and progress of International Relations. “Relations among states are governed both by the nature of states and that of international society Significance/Importance of I. Relations in Pakistan as an academic discipline/Global politics All and sundry associated with the social science are aware about the significance of the International relations. The importance of IR is manifested that after the ww2 no full war breaks out. We obviously live in complicated and tumultuous times, although the world has never been an uncomplicated place. Having provided a broad-brush portion of the contemporary international system, International Relations focus on specific elements of international system and divulge the interaction of over 6.8 billion people ,192 nation states and more than 3000 MNCs playing their cards and determining “who gets what, when, and how in the global comity”. The Int Relations is a prime subject without which no any country can prosper and get due respect in the comity of nations. The social scientist waged a valiant struggle and exercised their enormous pressure over their governments. Corollary, the government has recognized its importance, decided to develop it by pooling all its resources. In the present day, interdependent world the study of International Relations has enormous significance/importance. It enables us to comprehend the fundamental motives underlying the policies of different states in international scenario and study reasons, which contributed to their ultimate success or letdown/fall. It also enables us to have an understanding of the problems facing the world and to unravel them rationally. Through the study of International Relations, we can analyze and ascertain how USA and Russia became partner for peace after fighting inclement cold war for decades. The study of International Relations shows how ruined countries of Europe achieved political integrity and economic prosperity and collaboration and established European Union. Its study reveals the facts why and how mighty empires like United Kingdom, former Soviet Union, and Former Yugoslavia disintegrated. How the tiny Baltic States (Lithuania Latvia Estonia) got freedom from Soviet Union. How seven tiny states emerged from Yugoslavia? How Central Asian states got freedom from Soviet Union. Its study also reveals that how UN got strength and the world is governed through the tenets of Int: Law. The study of International Relations is key to the socioeconomic progress as it helps build synergy to protect national economic and strategic interest in complex and intricate world politics. It helps build bridges across differences of geography, history, and civilizations. It reduces the chance of clash of civilization, enhances peaceful cooperation, and averts the chance of war. It reveals the diverse ways in which state and society are organized in their respective physical boundaries. Its study also ensures equal opportunities and equality between the nations of comity and respect for the norms of international law. Those nations who accorded primacy to the study of International Relations are now reaping benefits. It imbibes the spirit of enlightenment and its knowledge is indivisible and incremental. A leader equipped with the sword of International Relations can win the battle of minds and also be able to win the battles of economy, politics and power. He will be able to conduct interfaith dialogue and lessen disharmony. The study of International Relations teaches us how the European, American, Chinese and Japanese model of political and economic governance succeeded. How they transformed their political culture and became world powers. The studies of International Relations help us to study social, economic, historical and political systems of other countries. It will help mitigate misunderstanding prevailing in the minds of people of different religion. It also reveals foreign policies of countries, their history of interaction and veracity of conduct of relations with other states. The study of International Relations has greatly contributed to the strengthening of feeling among the states that they must try to conduct their relations along peaceful lines and keep away from military pacts and alliances. In other words, they have come to realize that they must avoid policy of confrontation and adopt policy of cooperation and co-existence. This change of policy of cooperation is likely to go a long way in promoting feeling of universal fraternity and elimination of wars from this chaos-filled world. The study of IR will help resolve political and socio-economic problems facing the Muslim world and other entire humanity in a well-coordinated manner. The study of International Relations is key to the progress as it helps build synergy to promote national economic interest. It helps build bridges across differences of geography, history, and civilizations. The study of International Relations teaches how to protect national interest in complex and intricate world politics. The study of International Relations has greatly contributed to the strengthening of feeling among the states that they must try to conduct their relations along peaceful lines and keep away from military pacts and alliances. In other words, they must avoid policy of confrontation and adopt policy of cooperation and co-existence. This change of policy of cooperation is likely to go a long way in promoting feeling of universal fraternity and elimination of wars from this chaos-filled world. It will help mitigate misunderstanding prevailing in the minds of people of different religion. All political and socio-economic problems confronting the world especially Muslim world and other entire humanity will be resolved justly and in a well-coordinated manner. Achievement of International Relations The great accomplishment of International Relations is the end of World War II, and the establishment of United Nations Organisation on the demise of League of Nations and end of colonization, end of cold war and emergence of new states, promotion of democracy and protection of fundamental rights. It prevented third world war, decolonized the entire countries and helped achieve independence to the majority of countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Its process achieved the end of cold war between two super powers. It has compelled the world community to wage war against disease, hunger, illiteracy and poverty. It helped resolved lot of political disputes and civil wars in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also forced the autocratic government to allocate more funds for soft sectors such as education, health, and infrastructure, provision of safe drinking water and eradication of poverty. It is exerting pressure to solve two major problems of Muslim world. It is playing its global objective of minimization of violence, maximization of social and economic welfare and Justice. IR is endeavoring to make world more peaceful and bringing humanity out of shell of national boundaries. It helped the creation of regional organisations to collaborate, understand the basic problems regionally, and reduce the chance of war or conflict. Due to the increased activity of IR world under the UN is collaborating in various fields to save the humanity. IR has influenced the leaders of Africa to end civil wars and bring the countries on the path of democracy. The global powers are striving/ vying to invest in Africa as poverty and chaos has been eliminated. The success is evident that poverty, disease and other socio-economic malaise has been curbed. International Politics and Int Relation. In the present era, the International Relations and International Politics has become two side of a coin. The International Politics is the system and mechanics of decision-making that concerns the procuring of the national interest from other nations without injuring their national interest and raising and distribution of resources within the national boundary. According to Morgenthau, “International politics is the struggle for, and use of, power among nations”. K.W Thompson, in his book ‘The Theory and Practice of International Relations’ define International Politics, as “the study of rivalry among nations and conditions and institutions which ameliorate or exacerbate these relationships”. The term politics means interactions among the people to achieve their interest to maximum level. Quincy Wright in his book ‘The study of international Relations’ define politics as the art of influencing, manipulating or controlling major groups so as to advance the purposes of some against opposition of others. Int politics is the study of conflicts and interactions among states. Morgenthau in his book ‘Politics among Nations’ defines int politics as the struggle for and use of power among nations. It is deduced that int: politics is a process in which nations try to protect their incompatible interest by means of power. The development of the study of int politics got a fillip in post war era, as there were astounding changes in the social and political set up. The technological development, liquidation of colonialism, new values and ideologies, desire for theoretical order, new outlook towards the UN and growing concern for peace changed the contour of int politics. Difference between IR and I.Politics. IR is the study of relations of sovereign states, which includes political, economic, cultural, geographical, legal and non-official. While int politics is official relations between govt of sovereign states and covers political aspects. The methodology of the study of int Relations is descriptive, while that of I. Politics is purely analytical. In IR the factors are studied chronologically, while in I.P the basis of study is what, when and how of the present with relationship between the past and future. I.Politics and National politics. Int politics is the study of conflicts and interactions among states. It is struggle for and use of power among nations. National politics is a sort of adjustment of relationship within and among individuals or groups. In such complicated situation, the social scientist and the people of knowledge can play an important and crucial role to avert clash of civilization and save the humanity from annihilation, promote the world peace, and save the succeeding generation from scourge of War. The growth rate of our country can be doubled with the active participation of people equipped with the knowledge of International Politics and tools of Diplomacy. As it was vindicated by the former Foreign Secretary of State of USA Condoleezza Rice who was a Professor of International Relations in an American University. Our country can eliminate poverty ignorance disease and hunger by attracting Foreign Direct Investment by using tools of better diplomacy. Experts of international relations can provide rational guideline to the government on preparation of foreign policy based on needs and aspirations of people of entire Pakistan. Influence of International Relations on domestic politics. A minor incident occurring in distant part of world can influence the country to alter foreign policy and even domestic policy. These events leave indelible impression on the domestic politics of many countries. Country can take U-turn under the pressure of global powers to serve their interest even inimical to ones national interest. It influences and forces the backward countries to emulate foreign policy, which help other countries to prosper economically and became politically stable. It affects domestic politics positively and negatively. In the present era international system exert pressure on the national governments to accord top priority and energies on economic development, education, elimination of poverty and advancement in the field of health, social justice and fair play. We see that United Nations, European Union, UNICEF, UNESCO and WHO and other international financial institutions exert enormous pressure on the dictatorial government to give more funds to the development of social sectors otherwise their priority is on the preservation of territorial security rather than human security. As a corollary, these governments reluctantly accord and divert more funds from defense to social sector. It also influences the countries to follow the path of modernism and democracy. The Eight Millennium Development Goal set by the United Nations is vindication of this positive pressure on the Asian and African countries. All countries are endeavoring and pledge to achieve these goals. The South Asian countries had also established SAARC Development Goals to reduce poverty, hunger and other social and economic vices from poverty-ridden South Asia. It is the enormous pressure of International system that Afro-Asian countries are according priority to the development of soft sectors otherwise the poverty would have multiplied manifold as their governments priority is different. Diplomacy in the world deters rulers of third world from pursuing dictatorial, anti poor people policies. The domestic politics following the control of Democratic Party in the congress of US coerced the omnipotent trump administration to change its foreign policy. In the domestic level of analysis, the domestic politics of many countries also influence the international Politics. international relations are influenced by domestic actors, non-state actors including special interest groups, political organizations, and government agencies. The decisions of ICJ has greatly strengthen the application of INT LAW and state are complying the decisions in their own interest. Conclusion Pakistan and the Islamic world can regain its past glory by acquiring economic and political stability through proper conduct of IR /. If we want to reduce poverty and global disparities, our foreign office/govt have to address the core issue of interplay between national and international politics and wage valiant struggle for a fair political economic and equitable international order based on democratic values and respect for human rights in world. Through the extensive understanding of International Relations, we can drag ourselves out of the quagmire of poverty and social backwardness. We have to work for individual exaltation and collective socio-economic emancipation. We have been left far behind in social, moral and economic development only because we are unable to comprehend convoluted world politics and think myopically. That is why US always ask us to do more and forget our sacrifices in combating terrorism. If we play our international cards, well all global powers would embrace and extend full support, like China is supporting in the development and investing billions of dollars to enhance the infrastructure. The Russia and China admitted Pak in SCO, helping, and appreciating our sacrifices. The path of IR/ knowledge will lead us to our past glory and show the light to progress and development acquired by the world. The time for renaissance has come. The way forward is to head towards enlightenment and concentrate on human resource development, poverty alleviation, education, health and social justice through the enhancement of social sciences. One cannot close the eyes to the fact that unless the field of social sciences including International Relations gets proper encouragement from people at the helm of affairs and the social scientist are equipped with sound academic skills to play a energetic role in society it will be quite difficult to fulfill the prerequisite of 21st century in Pakistan. Unfortunately, during our decline we remained in our own shell and refused to learn from others. We thus reached the present depths of despair and despondency. We need to face stark realities. Significance of International Relations as an academic discipline in Pakistan Q. 3. What are the factors that are affecting IR. There are tangible and intangible factors, which affects the international Relations or INT Politics. 1. Natural Resources. 2. Geography-Topography and Geopolitics. 3. Population. 4. Economic factors. 5. Modern Technology and Military advancement. 6. History culture and civilization. 7. Leadership or Govt PUTIN CHINESE snd European system of govt free of corruption based on legal and moral grounds. Recommendations for improving IR in Pak/World.