User:Prosperosity/Auckland history notes

Mid-level areas: Matakana Coast/Kōwhai Coast, Hibiscus Coast, East Coast Bays, Pohutukawa Coast, Seabird Coast

Formerly AKL (Franklin District): Aka Aka, Glen Murray, New Zealand, Kaiaua, Lake Puketi, Limestone Downs, Mangatāwhiri, Mangatangi, Mercer, New Zealand, Naike, Onewhero, Opuatia, Otaua, Waikato, Pōkeno, Port Waikato, Pukekawa, Pūkorokoro / Miranda, Te Kohanga, Tuakau, Waharau, Waikaretu, Whakatīwai

Auckland
NWO and other Taamaki Maaori not in Amiwhenua fled to Titirangi/Waitakere Ranges 1821. 1824, Te Raupura, wife of elder brother of Apihai, took a party of Te Uringutu to camp on Motutapu for a month to collect food for a feast. Her party was attacked by a taua (Te Rori? identity unknown). Two chiefs were killed, Pa-~te-rangi and Pihopiho~tahi (Piopio~tahi). A Taamaki Maaori taua was raised and attacked Te Parawhau, northland. It was decided that Tamaki Maori should retreat to Kaipara (Hotea).

AUCKLAND HISTORY - NW Mataharehare (HobsonBay) Opou (Cox’s Creek, Westmere) Maungawhau. Triangle of 3,000 original tuku acres.

Gave tuku of 3,000 acres (Hobson Bay, Cox's Creek, Maungawhau). If Hobson relocated capital here, there was a promise of an additional 8,000 acres (epsom, Pt Chev Avondale). -Land was gifted as 'tuku rangatira', as a prospect of an alliance. Hobson did not see it this way, instead promised to buy the land. NW considered the bartered goods to be 'koha', or symbols of reciprocity. Hobson can settle in Taamaki and share the bounty of land, while residing within NWO domain + explained their taonga (skills and knowledge).

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/4666/rec/6 -a site at Manukau South Head was occupied before the end of the thirteenth century; -gardens were being developed on the lower slopes of Wiri Mountain (Matukutururu) -one site in East Tamaki by the fourteenth century; -two or more settlements on Motutapu Island prior to the first major eruption of Rangitoto (ca 1375).

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/6093/rec/9 -After Tainui making landfall at Whangaparaoa, west of Cape Runaway, Hoturoa and his crew sailed along the coast to the Hauraki area. They landed briefly near Wharekawa, then continued into the Tamaki Strait, again landing at Te Whakakaiwhara, near the mouth of the Turanga estuary and Motukorea, among other places, before entering the Tamaki River. From there the Tainui was hauled overland to the Manukau Harbour. Some of the crew settled on the shores of the Tamaki and intermarried with the local people, their descendants forming the Ngai Tai tribe; others intermarried with the Nga Iwi people of the Mangere area. From the Manukau, the Tainui was sailed down the coast to Taranaki. Its voyage ended at Kawhia, where the canoe was buried.

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/7525/rec/10 -1400 -settlements were developed on the hills and volcanic cones of the Auckland isthmus. The first sites occupied included Maungarei (Mt Wellington) and Puketapapa (Mt Roskill).

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1000/rec/11 -first evidence of gardening in the Wiri area dates from about AD 1300. From the mid-fifteenth century onwards more extensive stonefield gardens were developed by local tribes in the vicinity of Matukutururu (Wiri Mt), Matukutureia (McLaughlins Mt), Otuataua, Pukeiti, and Ihumatao or Maungataketake (Elletts Mt); also in the East Tamaki area. ]

AUCKLAND -Tāmaki Herenga Waka = whakatauki for Auckland, "resting place of many waka" -8 waka portages with the most significant at Te To Waka, the Otahuhu portage (Portage Road). -settlements were seasonal, divided into gardening and fishing circuits based on maramataka. -1820s MW: Te Kawau and with the assistance of Te Wherowhero and their Waikato relatives they returned to the central Isthmus permanently in 1835 -MW: November 1819 Ngapuhi under Patuone reach Tamaki from Kaipara, attack Waikato Tainui at Waitemata, raid gardens at Onehunga. Relatiation for recent Ngapuhi deaths at Motupatu. -1820: Onehunga “cultivations but no pa”. Apihai: being born at Ihumatao and going backwards and forwards between there, Onehunga and Orakei whilst growing up. -1821: Ngati Whatua assisted Ngati Paoa to drive off Ngapuhi attack at pa at Mauinaina (Panmure). -Ngati Whatua left on raid to the south, women remained at Mangere and Onehunga. -Nov 1821: people at kainga fleed to Waitakere to avoid Ngapuhi. Crops destroyed, beginning of decade of displacement. -brief interludes where Ngati Whatua would return (eg 1822-1824, early 1826). -1825 Ngapuhi under Hongi Hika advanced to Tamaki. -1826 June again -major return in November 1834 (fishing Manukau), began clearing gardens at Onehunga in 1835. -Ngati Te Ata also had presence at Onehunga. -late Ngati Mahuta (also Tainui) under Potatau Te Wherowhero established at Mangere-Otahuhu, after offer of land share by NW. -After treaty signing, Onehunga = port for receiving Maori goods from Manukau + Waikato to supply Auckland. (1840s-50s). -European land at Onehunga was aquired through ‘Fitzroy waivers’ (1844-5) settlers purchasing land directly from Maori (despire being a treaty breach). Also, no land was put aside for Maori. -Crown acquired land at Onehunga 723 acres, which became the basis of Onehunga township. Onehunga was developed as a 'fencible' settment. -1851, pensioners were called to confront Ngati Paoa angered at the treatment of a chief accused of theft. Ngati Paoa retreated to Okahu Bay. -1863: invasion of the Waikato. Governor George Grey required all Maori in Manukau/SA to sign an oath of allegiance to the crown and wear identifying badges. -most refused due to strong ties to Waikato. Land confiscated.

Litsea calicaris, puriri, Northern rata, tawa, kanuka, toro, red mapou/red matipo, rewarewa, hinau, kaiwhiria and kauri. Undergrowth of toropapa and the large leafed coprosma, + ferns

Rewharewha 1790 1810 influenza?

-following the maramataka. ---gardens cycle depending on soil exhaustion. ---spring gardens at Horotiu, Little Rangitoto, Ōkahu ---Remuera being the most productive ground for kūmara. ---summer=fishing focus. First fishing in Manukau Harbour, then draging waka across portages and fishing Waitemata. -1825 strategically left isthmus. 1835 returned permanently

-thirteen iwi and hapū of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau (the Māori tribes of Auckland);

Marutūāhu Rōpū Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Tamaterā, Ngāti Whanaunga, Te Patukirikiri

Ngāti Whātua Rōpū Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua

Waiohua Tāmaki Rōpū Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, Ngāti Tamaoho, Ngāti Te Ata, Te Ākitai Waiohua, Te Kawerau ā Maki

Ta-maki Herenga Waka – ‘Ta-maki – the Destination of Voyagers’=ancient name.

=At kirikiri https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/833/rec/59 During these events, Ihaka Takaanini, chief of Te Ākitai Waiohua, was imprisoned, later dying on Rakino Island in 1864.

https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/ResourceConsentDocuments/48BUN60337530AppxHCombined%20CVAs.pdf https://folksong.org.nz/he_tangi_te_kiwi/portages_of_early_auckland.html +also check other into. -the Whau portage -Te Tapotu o Tainui (Otahuhu) portage -the Waokauri (or Pukaki) portage -the Papakura portage (Pahurehure Inlet, Papakura, Clevedon/Wairoa River) -the Pokorua portage (Waiuku west) -Te Pae o Kaiwaka (Waiuku) Portage

-first engineering projects in the 1840s were quarrying scoria cone hills and developing roads for horses and carts -horses still primary transportation in 1900. -Auckland steam powered (mostly coal) until 1930, when Arapuni was developed, using hydro. -industrial boom post WWII.

-first piped water=1866 from Domain springs -Western Springs pumphouse opening in 1877 dramatically improved health.

-Waihorotiu Stream/Ligar Canal and later sewer = ending in Wharf Outfall at the foot of Queen st. Continued to be a problem due to 1885 depression. -Recommended sewage be pumped to Okahu Bay and taken out with tide, opened in March 1914. -October 1947 = poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) epidemic. Thought to be caused by bathing in contaminated water, so all bathing/swimming in inner city beaches was banned.

-first boardloads of immigrants = Oct 1842, Duchess of Argyle and Jane Gifford. -boat building industry = Freemans Bay. -first public pier in Mechanics Bay, Wynyard Pier (150m in length). Named after Lieu Colon Robert H. Wynyard, commander of NZ military forces in NZ from 1851-1858. -Next was queen st wharf, construction began in 1852. Extended to 470m by 1864. By 1871 Queen Street Wharf dilapidated and too shallow for vessels, so a new longer+wider timber wharf was constructed. -Reclamation of Commercial Bay mudflats by early 1860. -Auckland Harbour Board established in 1871 by govt, who were granted 2,000 hectares for reclamation. -1904 WH Hamer (Auckland Harbour Board engineer) planned to develop the port. Reclaiming large sections of Freemans, Commercia, Mechanics, reinforced concrete wharves which could allow train access. -1904-1924 = wharf boom. Shipping was still major in NZ due to difficulty of road construction. -1913 = Onehunga + Auckland ports placed under one controlling body, Auckland Harbour Board.

Early roads = mud tracks laid with local scoria. Military 'corduroy' roads, where muddy areas were covered with tree trunks and branches at right angles. Scoria roads were easily damaged by steel carts and horseshoes, releasing clouds of dust. -Quarries at Mt Eden, Penrose and Mt Wellington were opened to source hard rock, needed for tar sealed roads. -Early roads used Mt Eden Prison labour. -Roads central to Auckland local body development. Many road boards amalgamated with Akl City in 1930s due to depression.

1850s other parts of NZ resented Auckland, believing the economy was based on military funds from Britain. 1870 barracks and point britomart closed.

Reefton 1886 first power plant in NZ, hydro. 1882 first use of electricity in Auckland, a private home in Princes STreet, Moss Davis. Family of Ernest Davis. 1887 first electric street lighting on Queen St for Christmas. Not permanent until 1903. At this time council purchased electricity from trams company for queen st lighting. Council resisted private plans for power plant in 1890s, meaning Wlg had power much earlier. TEPID BATHS. Drew water from sea, fed into power plant for cooling, then sent to the Tepid Baths for bathing. Hobson Street Power Plant used for the Electric Trams from about 1900. After station shut down, coal-fired burner was installed for pools.

1909 Kings Wharf Power Station, powered by Huntly coal. Larger premises. Construction began 1910, commissioned Feb 1913. 1914 second gen, commissioned in 1920. 1921 Auckland Electric Power Board formed (now Vector) by act of parliament. Took over Kings Wharf. Power demand greater than station - often powercuts in 1920s. 1924 Hobson shut down, trams entirely powered by Kings Wharf. Electricity was fed through copper bars in troughts filled with pitch. Occasionally pitch cracked and water contacted the copper, resulting in explosions Winter 1925 first hydropower from Hora Hora. Originally built to supply Karangakahe gourge gold crushing battery. Arapuni hydro available from 2 June 1929 in akl. Two years later the station was closed for repairs for 18 months - leaks in headrace canal, concerns that entire dam might collapse into Waikato river. Pre-Arapuni = city covered in smog, smoke and steam, especially from Kings Wharf, chimneys and gas works. Auckland's reliance on hydro caused freq power cuts between 1930 and mid-1960s during dry years, and because the rate of demand kept increasing. Scheduled blackouts in evenings were common. Shortages stopped after 600MW DC cable from south island hydro plants. 1998 power failure in Auckland CBD. Old 100KV gas-filled cable between Penrose and Quay failed during summer. Knock-on effect on other oil-filled cables - both also failing shortyl after. -businesses either relocated or used diesel generators, including Grafton Gully generators on a vacant plot. Vector hired a ship gas-turbine driven and hooked it up to 6.6kV system.

DILWORTH BUILDING designed by Gummer and Ford, built by Fletcher. Use of electric cranes (not hydraulic or steam) meant construction was rapid.

105 Queen St NZ Guardian Trust Building = 1918. 8 storeys, highest building allowed in Auckland until 1960s.

Dingwall Building 87 Queen St, Gummer and Ford. Structural engineer John J. Booth. First tall building in AKL post Napier earthquake changed building standards.

Auckland Town Hall opened in 1911. Refurbished mid 1990s, earthquake strengthening. Difficulties as strengthening could not pass through the2,000 organ pipes.

designed by Edward Rumsey. Gothic influence. gargoyles carved by Prussian Anton Teutenburg of judges and dignitaries. Carved from wood and cast in concrete. Constructed 1865-1867.

Opened 1929. Built for Thomas O'Brien i 8 months by Fletcher and Super Construction Company. Indian fantasy temple garden foyer, Persian Palace minarets. Sunset machine transforms roof from day lighting to star lighting. 1994 restored after lease reverted to council.

built 1909-12. Edwardian Baroque, designed by Claude Paton and John Campbell (latter also designed parliament) 2002-3 refurbished and strenghtned. Became Britomart. Modified to serve as transport hub. Walls unreinforced brick.

6 buildings. 1st with clock tower = 1887, expanded to include council chambers building in 1913, east gallery in 1916. Central gallery extension = 1971, two further extensions in 1981. Work completed in 2011.

________



P98 Land sales needed fixed boundaries. traditional Maori land rights were based on ancestry intermarriage and had fluidity. Individuals from tribes sold land without consulting others who had a vested interest. NW rangatira ATK sold hand at Mangere bordering the O-ruarangi Creek. NT chief Te Kauae argued land was not for sale, Putini and Ihaka Takanini also claimed interest. P106 1863, Grey ordered eviction of Manukau area kainga. Everyone must leave for Waikato or swear oath to Queen and give up arms. Most felt they had no choice. P124 European knowledge of the Maori place names of auckland was almost nothing by the 1870s. P164 Late 19th C Chan Ah Chee, an early market gardener based at the southern part of the Auckland domain, exported large amounts of naitve NZ Cloud ear fungus to China and HK. By 1899 exporting toheroa from firth of Thames to China and San Francisco. P168-9 Tensions betwee European and Chinese settlers meant Chinese regularly assaulted, gardens robbed and vanalised. Racially motivated assaults common in 1880s and 1890s. Chinese residents arrested for playing fan-tan, smoking opium, fined for working Sundays. P173 Governor Grey saw Chinese farmers gardening on govt domain land as a threat to European identity. P177 early 20th C Maori seen as relics of the past, rather than people living in their ancestral lands.

P226 Name Tamaki is used in narratives that date back to the 1600s at least. Some narratives relate it to Mai, others to a woman of hisk rank named Ta-maki Makaurau.

brick was not an early building material in Auckland, due to the kauri of the Waitakere Ranges, Waiheke Island and North Shore. Brickworks at Freemans Bay, however as land was needed moved out from ceentral city to Grey Lynn, Ponsonby. North Shore an the Whau River. Brickbecame became more common by late 1850s.

Environmental changes
-cleared for kumara gardens -farmland -quarrying + swamp draining

-quarrying. -swamp draining.

- 1920s: Sandringham swamp, Lake Waiatarua Mt Roskill

Ellerslie Racecourse = swamp Glover Park = former swamp.

1860s = Albert Park Volcano late 1800s - 1950s = Mt Smart, Little Rangitoto 1900s-1940s = Te Pou Hawaiki

Partial= 1840s-Maungawhau 1880-1928 Mt Albert 1800s = Mt St John 1913 = Three Kings, 1950 extensive, ongoing. 1914-1928 Ohinerangi/Hobson

-15 in isthmus. four quarried, two sea-breached (Ōrākei Basin + Te Hopua) -Albert Park volcano = Rangipuke pa. -Shoreline near Onehunga Bay Reserve = Maungakiekie lava

1850-1966 Purchas Hill 1850-1967 Mt Wellington 1900s-1960s Taylors Hill 1940s McLennan Hills Mt Wellington quarry = latter 20th century.

-Quarrying of mountains, draining swamps Quarry: ---Point Britomart and the one at Orakei ---Three Kings Quarry established in 1845 ---Mt Wellington quarry. Stonefields. 1936 https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/property-report-stonefields-rock-solid-vision-for-growth/PJKF6YPA46SCMD5Z6KBR7FYCY4/ ---Mt Smart / Rarotonga. ---Little Rangitoto ---Te Pou Hawaiki -wetlands: Sandringham swamp, Lake Waiatarua, Mt Roskill

-post WWI Bastion Rock quarried.

Trams
Trans replaced horse-drawn trams that had run since 1884.

17 November 1902 John Logan Campbell drove the first tram up Queen Street.

Power came from purpose-built station at the northern end of Hobson Street. Initial service had 48 trams This grew rapidly One of the first routes was to Onehunga Eventually 269 trams. Initial trams were built by the Auckland Electric Tram Company, using imported components. by the 1920s around 700 men were employed by the teams. During WWII, women fwere first employed for the tram system. In 1919 trams were sold to Auckland City Council, who formed the Auckland Transport Board in tn 1929. In early 1940s 99 million passengers were carried every year. During the depression, the system became worn out. After WWII, trams were gradually replaced with trolley buses. The last tram ran in 1956. Some tram systems today MOTAT.

Auckland Museum
Te Toki-a-Tapiri = a waka from the Manukau Harbour confiscated by the crown after the declaration of the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, owned by Ngāti Te Ata chief Ahipene Kaihau (father of MP Henare Kaihau). Saved from destruction because of its good consition and high craftsmanship. Left on the beach at Onehunga for many years.

Avondale

 * http://avondale.org.nz/publications.htm

http://cfgheritage.com/14_0581trentstreet.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/avondale-heritage-walks.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/UnitaryPlanDocuments/pc7-02799-avondale-post-office.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/avondale-heritage-walks.pdf

Balmoral
-extensive swamplands in Sandringham and Balmoral. Gribblehurst and Eden Park known as Cabbage Tree Swamp during colonial era. Nga- Anawai, water ran into lava caves. Fowlds Park also swamp. -Balmoral site of three farms in the 1870s, owned by Donald McNaughton, James Paice and William Brown. - 1886, St Albans Anglican Church. First Church on Dom Rd. -subdivided into residential sites off Dom Rd between c.1907 and 1920. -tramline introduced to Mt Eden suburb in the early 1900s, extending down Dom Rd to Herbert Road by 1908. -early 1910s first shop, operated by Alexander Spiers Thorburn, a confectioner and dairyman, just south of Balmoral Rd. By 1912 small shopping centre. -trams were extended to Halston Road in 1920. -the town was mostly constructed in the 1920s, inc. post coffice and the Capitol Theatre. -Capitol Picture Palace, named after the Temple of Jupiter in Rome, opened in August 1923. Benefited from being near the tram terminus, could hold 900 people. Focal point for the area in 20s onwards. Rnovated in 1974, gutted by fire in 1978. From 1998-2008 it was a Bollywood theatre. -Zealandia Dance Hall from the 1920s until the late 1940s. -Potter's Park was gifted by Frederick Potter in 1916 for local residents and children, officially opened in 1921. -rapid development led to businessmen’s association was formed c1935. They achieved the first community lighting scheme in Auckland -Factories, Winstones Wallboard factory on Balmoral Road (first mechanically operated factory in Australasia). -Tram tracks were removed in 1954. -Mt Eden War Memorial Hall in 1958 as well as schools and churches in the 1960s further reinforced the area as an important community centre. -1968 Super Value opened a supermarket near the main intersection. LArgest mall-type shopping centre in auckland when it opened, it included a supermarket and other specialty shops and was served by a large car park. later became a Woolworths store, and in 1991 the Warehouse. -present day = retains 1920s character. -Potter’s Park was used to grow vegetables in WWII (sold to support the soldiers), and was also the site of extensive ditches. -BHARATIyA MANDIR HINDU TEMPLE: first purpose-built hindu temple in NZ. Opened in June 1993.

John Neale (Pa) Bethell
https://infocouncil.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/Open/2019/09/WTK_20190926_AGN_8256_AT_files/WTK_20190926_AGN_8256_AT_Attachment_71594_2.PDF https://www.piha.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/backgroundrpt-part2-humanheritage.pdf

Britomart
Fort Britomart: 1873-1884. -located at old fort, north of Anzac Ave/Beach Rd Junction. -Point Britomart slowly excavated and used as fill for Mechanics Bay. East of Queen St 1885-1930. -completed 27 nov 1885. Main entrance was queen st, side entrance from Customs St -in 1901 Chief Post Office petitioned for the land for a Chief Post Office, the railways dept objected, as this would limit expansion. Wanted land as it appeared underutilised. After years of discussion, in Dec 1907 prime minister announced construction of post office fronting queen st. Railways Dept was devastated, because of how limiting this was for rail traffic in the city. -New grand station let in April 1928 to Gummer and Ford. Official opening 26 Nov 1930. ---originally planned as a through station, not a terminus. Over time location criticised by planners. -Current Britomart was first considered after an increase in rail patronage in the early 1990s. Nov 1984 district engineer submitted a new plan for a Britomart surface station, but this had no traction until mid 90s. -Britomart was largest infractructure project undertaken by a local council in NZ. -May 2003 first test train. -23 June 2003 first official train.

Gas company
corner of Wyndham and Nelson. Originally gas produced in England, later produced in Australia and Greymouth. 1877 built large gas holder at foot of College Hill. Now where the new world is. end of 1800s moved to Beaumont St in Freemans Bay

Grafton
http://cfgheritage.com/2011_2karist.pdf

Grey Lynn
http://cfgheritage.com/2012_8_350richmondroad.pdf

Henderson
Tui Glen: NZ's first motor camp, operating between 1924 and 2001. 40 different amusements from carpet bowls to donkey rides.

Hillsborough
http://cfgheritage.com/2010_44montececiliamonitoring.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/2010_14montececiliapaths.pdf

Hillsborough - Waitemata snadstone formed on the ocean floor 20 million years ago, uplifted and eroded. James Carlton Hill purchased land and had a cattle and sheep farm. He planned a town centre for Hillsborough, convinced that the Onehunga Line would bypass the township itself. He died on a trip to Sydney, so the plans never eventuated. The land was later sold as the Hillsborough Estate. -early 20th century = market gardens, however the clay was not very fertile. However, strawberries were often grown. -cemetary established in 1916 to replace Waikaraka cemetary. -Waikowhai Park opened in 1914, camping, swimming and leisure spot. From 1920s-50s very popular. In 1963, Waikowhai Reserve was developed as a landfill. -Hillsborough named for J.C. Hill. -Waikowhai = Kowhai tree waters or yellow water.

https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/1121/a-scene-on-the-manukau-harbour

JJ Boyd
-John James bOys - building trade in WLG, owned land at Anchorage Estate. Retired at 46 to become a zookeeper. -1905 bought property at Aramoho (Whanganui). Boyd's Zoo. Purchased animals including African lions, roya; bengal tigers + indian brown bears + russian brown bears, tortoises, kangaroos, springbok, deep, guinea pigs, parrots, parakeets, eagles, Indian cranes, ring-tailed lemurs, performing mice, emus, monkeys, puma. -Also merry go rounds, swings, billiard room, croquet lawn, teahouse. -Animals escaped, Allegedly a brown bear escaped to the Whanganui River, but was recaptured by Boyd. -baboon escaped into Whanganui township. -monkeys would escape, recaptured with milk and sugar. -1010 the zoo was transferred from Whanganui to Onehunga by steamship. -Boyd owned land from Boyd Ave Royal Oak to Symonds Street in Onehunga. Site of Royal Oak Intermediate = part of zoo.. -600 animals. -Once re-located to Royal Oak, purchased polar bears, an elephant and a cheetah. -Boyd family moved to Mangere Bridge in 1908 -Son was John James Boyd, known as Fred. -WLG Zoo. First lion was King Dick, donated by the Wirths Circus. JJ Fred Boyd donated some surplus lions from Royal Oak to the newly created Wellington Zoo. -JJ Boyd became mayor of Onehunga in 1917. -Noise and smell complaints by residents. -A lion escaped the zoo, into trafalgar street and queen st onehunga. Fred recaptured. -Because of this incident, the council advised Boyd that the zoo needed to shut, which was done by 1922. -Most animals sold to Auckland Council, became some of the first animals at Auckland Zoo.

Kati Takiwaru
Matire Toha by Rewa of Te Patukeha, Ngāi Tawake and Ngāpuhi of Waimate to Kati, younger brother of Te Wheroehero, peace making in approx. Sep 1823.

Kati (Kati-takiwa-), younger brother of Te Wherowhero, went to Northland to make peace with Ngapuhi, alongside Whakaiti and Te Kanawa. Group of 100 men. Hong Hika had been more successful at Mātakitaki than they'd intended (=would lead to utu invasions of northland). Kati was mwed to Matire Toha, daughter of Rewa of Patukeha hapu- of Ngapuhi. Landed at Takapuna, went over land from Pi-toitoi to O-ngarahu, where three days of feasting occurred. Kati travelled north and lived with Rewa's family, until Matire Toha was old enough for the wedding to take place.

Kati given land by NWO at a place called Pukapuka. Once returning, a peace was made at Pūneke on Tamaki River. or Kopuatetaka.

Te Kati (Kati Takiwā Hōri Kati) died at PTWW's cottage in the domain in 1850. Marriage of Waikato and Ngapuhi may have been one of the most important of the musket wars.

Laingholm
Waikumete (Little Muddy Creek). A place where waka were constructed until the 1860s. Communities protected by Te Tokaroa pa in Laingholm -Te Kawerau-a-Maki kainga located at Nihotupu (Armour Bay) and Ngamoko (Lower Nihotupu Dam)

Mangere
http://cfgheritage.com/2011_36nrd_communityreport.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/2011_61abbeville.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/2008_64nrd.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/2008_42scottfarmstead.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/2006_38westneycemetery.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/2006_16westney.pdf

--Mangere--

-Farming community until the latter 20th century. - Early local government was established in Māngere in 1859, with a local board of highway governors, followed by the Māngere Highway Board in 1862. In 1912 the highway board was incorporated into a new Manukau County Council. I

-1950s Andrew Fistonich began growing grapes at his Māngere market garden, earning a winemakers licence in 1949. Initially known as Mountain Vineyards, the company was renamed Villa Maria. -early 1960s growing residential area at Māngere central and at -1962 work began on a substantial state housing development. 1450-acres, the Māngere state housing scheme included numerous schools, parks and reserves shops and a major shopping centre -1960s and early 1970s Māngere was transformed from rural to residential. -Māngere was an experiment to not have problems of Prirua and Otara. Half sections sold to private developers. But my 1970s similar problems, -opening of the Māngere Town Centre on Bader Drive in 1971 provided city shops for the community. That same year Peter Leitch (also known as The Mad Butcher) opened his first butchers shop on Rosella Road, Māngere East.106 -East of Mangere = large industrial area set aside. One of first large factories = Allied Industried, where TV radios sound equipment manufactured. ---Today this land is Te Wananga. -Marae/Church =. -mid 1980s. --1998=Te Karaiti Te Pou Herenga Waka -1992 Samoan AOG opened, Samani Pukepuke Centre. -1996/7= Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga

- Mataatua Marae 1988 Te Kura Kaupapa o Māngere Mataatua Marae opening in Killington Road, in 1982.

-2004: Pukaki Marae opened at Māngere

-Moana-Nui-ā-Kiwa Pool and Leisure Centre. Māngere Fun Pool which opened in 1981. Redevloped into an indoor pool and gym complex in 2001.

-e Māngere immigration hostel: wartime camp forAmerican troops, used for immigration from Britain and displaced people from Baltic nations etc when surplus. Refurbished in 1979 to cater for refugees. -1947-57: labour camp for Maori at Mangere, to facilitate movement of workers to area.

Mangere East
-1875 North Island Main Trunk Railway opened, running along eastern esge. -1890s = Massey Homestead (mmore info at source) -In early 1900s area from Hain Road North towards railway was subdivided. -near Mangere East Hall, a shop in the 1920s.

-1920s=Massey Park, an area east of Massey Rd and north of Robertson Rd was developed -1924: Māngere East hall first theatre in Mangere. Known as the Metro Theatre. Closedi n the late 1970s. 1927 School opened at Māngere East, located on Yates Road -1927 a Selwyn church moved to Mangere East.St Marks Presbytarianopened in 1930. -1927 = :Manukau Beach Estate:, later known as Watea Estate. This would later be the site of the Airport. -Ōtāhuhu Railway Workshops were a majorplace of employment from 1920s to 1992. -Māngere East formed as a county town within the Manukau County Council in 1955 --county towns were dissolved in 1965 and ME became a part of Manukau City. -Trains stopped at Mangere as early as 1909, station built in the 1920s. -De La Salle College Catholic boys’ secondary school, established in 1953 by the De La Salle Brothers

Māngere Wastewater Treatment Plant
Switched on on 24 Sep 1960 -soon after in 1960, Chironomus zealandicus swarms arrived + smell issues. MoH inquiry from Manukau County Council over 61/62 summer. -problem remained strong. summer 62/63 lessened. -Entomologist Dr Donald Spinner was hired to study the midge problem. Recommended dredging the ponds to 1m depth to ensure a lack of light for midges. This helped both midge + smell issues. -Manukau scheme = dramatic improvements in water quality for both Manukau + Waitemata harbours. -Manukau scheme influenced NZ, meaning a large number of communities are serviced with oxidation ponds (inc. the North Shore and Christchurch). -By 1970s increased demand/loading meant more on-land facilities were needed. 1970s = four Fixed Growth Reactors at Mangere were built. -1987 treating 630,000 people. -late 1980s/early 1990s = Project Manukau, which led to progressive removal of oxidation ponds due to poor performance. -In 1990 a scheme to pump sewage into the Tasman Sea was adopted, however after Resource Management Act 1991 was enacted with its -Mangere Wastewater Treatment Plant fully operational October 2003. -removal of oxidation ponds allowed Makaurau Marae etc restoration of fishing and foreshore.

Ihumatao
-despite proximity to the Mangere Sewage purification works, the Maori township was not connected to the sewerage system until the late 1970s. -1840s: Wesleyan mission station was founded at Ihumatao. Chapel built in 1856. -after Waikato War some Māori returned to the area and settled at Pukaki and Ihumatao. -WWII: 500 acres were procured to grow vegetables to feed military personnel. -early 1960s: Māori settlement at Ihumatao was upgraded loans from the Department of Māori Affairs. Semi-detached houses + new meeting house was built. Nearly 200 Maori residing at Ihumatao. -the 1980s some new subdivisions have been developed including new housing at the Māori settlement of Ihumatao

Manukau Central
http://cfgheritage.com/2009_67stjohnsredoubt.pdf

In 1955 the southern motorway reached as far as Redoubt Rd.

Māori migration canoes
-people left Hawaiki because of a long famine caused by a lengthy war between the chiefs Heta and Uenuku.

-The Te Arawa and Tainui waka, set out from Rangiātea at the same time. Te Arawa was captained by Tamatekapua and the Tainui by Hoturoa. -tohunga Ngātoroirangi and his wife Kearoa were kidnapped by Tamatekapua at Rarotonga. -After this, Riu-ki-uta became the navigator for the Tainui waka. -Te Arawa landed first. -Tainui waka landed at Whangaparaoa near Cape Runaway at East Cape where the people in the waka were captivated by the red flowers of the pōhutukawa and tried, unsuccessfully, to make them into headdresses. -Tainui and Te Arawa waka parted ways at Ahuahu Great Mercury Islands

Moekaraka = two generations before Te Arawa / Tainui

Ranginui Walker argues some waka were built in Northland and migrated to other parts of the islands, due to mentions of totara and pounamu in traditional histories of Arawa, Takitimu and Tainui waka. Aotea stocked in Hawaiki with pukeko, karaka and kiore.

-S. Percy Smith collated a range of tribal traditions into the Great Fleet narrative. -Many years this was considered authoritative. -Current best evidence is for 1350s onwards.

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/7070/rec/7 -1300's wave of migration canoes Te Arawa, Aotea, Mataatua, Tokomaru and Tainui (see ca 1350)

Maori mythology
Te Ao Kohatu = the age of stone. A time when inanimate objects posessed animated qualities. Featured in legends.

Turehu
Mythical people. The people who arose from the ground when Maui fished up the islands. Fair skinned and possessed supernatural abilities. To TKaM regarded as earliest ancestors.

-first major European settlement in Manukau = 1840s, 552 immigrants arrived from the the ships Duchess of Argyle and Jane Gifibrd in October 1842. Farmers.

http://cfgheritage.com/2008_42scottfarmstead.pdf -all small settlements in area called "Mangere" post 1867. Although Mangere used to refer to MB ((source))

https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Documents/Fast-track-consenting/Paerata-and-Drury-Central-stations/Vol-4-03-Cultural-Impact-Assessment-Ngati-Te-Ata.pdf

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/8010/rec/329

Manukau Harbour
https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/7744/rec/8 -one version, it is a corrupt form of 'maanuka' [correctly 'maanukanuka'], loosely translated as 'anxiety', referring to the disquiet Hotunui of the Tainui canoe felt during his passage through the harbour on observing the rough water at the entrance to the harbour. -wading birds noted by the crew of the canoe after they had crossed the portage into the harbour -Rore Eruera, the cries of many sea birds were heard and these were at first mistaken for human beings. Later they were discovered to be 'only birds' (he manu kau noa iho), hence the name Manu-kau for this harbour. -the whole harbour, was named Te Manuka o Hotunui. (aka Hoturoa, or possibly Hotunui is Hoturoa's brother) -Te Arawa tradition that the harbour was named "Maanuka" that is "implanted post" by the ancestor Ihenga, who claimed the waters by planting a stake; although without making it clear why this tradition is given precedence.

https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/2573/rec/140 Abbatoirs

particularly fish (such as kanae/mullet and pioke/dog-shark) and shellfish (eg. pipi, tuatua, tuangi/cockle and tio/oyster) have sustained generations of tangata whenua -polluted by industrial runoff and land reclamations since 1860.

-Was formerly a large bay, before the forming of the Āwhitu Peninsula. -Manukau Harbour is a drowned forested river valley. When sea levels were lower. -Samuel Marsden first european to visit Manukau Harbour in November 1820. -name origin is unknown. Te Arawa = Mānuka (implanted post) after the ancestor Īhenga, who put a stake there and --Tainui traditions name the harbour Te Mānukanuka-a-Hoturoa (the troublesome waters of Hoturoa) because of the sandbanks and quick-moving tides. --Manukau (wading birds), because so many birds "Manukau Noa Iho" or "just birds." -Te Tōanga Waka—the Whau Portage, and Te Tō Waka -mullet (kanae) and dog-shark (pioke) as well as shellfish such as pipi, tuatua, cockle (tuangi) and rock oyster (tio). -since the 1970s, invasive pacific oyster in harbour. -waikowhai coast = only sporadic camps.

Mātakitaki (Pirongia)
Dec 1821 Taua returned to northland. Set out again Feb 1822. Battle of Mātakitaki. Taua of approx. 3,000. Ngapuhi used Otahuhu portage + Te Pae-o-Kaiwaka portage at Waiuku into Awaroa river. Ngapuhi attacked Waipa river west bank pa's: Mātakitaki, Taurakohia (or Tauranga Kohika) and Puketutu (or Puketapu). Mangapiko River was dammed for defence.

+https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/matakitaki-pa

Maungakiekie

 * mountain of the kiekie
 * Historians 3,250-6,000 (1950s and earlier)
 * most significant pa in Auckland.

Tūperiri made Maungakikie his pa. Around 1795 at Tūperiri's death, Maungakiekie was abandoned.

Maungawhau

 * Mountain of the whau tree
 * 2,250-3,000 inhabitants at its peak
 * the food bowl of Mataoho

e pa- of Hua Kaiwaka

Motorways
-inspired by German autobahns, Italian autostrada, American freeways. -Robert Semple announced a motorway plan in 1946 for Auckland costing 5,000,000 pounds. -Original plans were -pre-Bridge and pre-Mangere airport. --Southern Outlet: Four-lane motorway between GSR tram terminal and Drury, deviations to avoid Otahuhu, Manurewa and Papatoetoe. Second motorway in NZ: July 1953 = 3.2km Ellerslie and Mt Wellington 9.4km Wiwi 1955 5.4km Takanini May 1963 2.1km Greenlane Dec 1963 1.3km Market Rd April 1965 Newmarket Viaduct = 1965, extended southern motorway further north.

--Eastern: CBD, Tamaki Drive to Tamaki Housing Area (GI, etc), crossing Tamaki River, joining southern at Manurewa. --Northern Circuit: From Avondale, Te Atatu, Hobsonville, WHenuapai, north. To bypass central auckland. 1961 11.5km between Pt Chev to Hobsonville Rd in 1961. Provided easy access to Whenuapai international airport. --Mangere Outlet/Western Outlet: Connecting Onehunga to southern outlet. --Birkenhead Maungaturoto S.h. No. 5: Birkenhead to Albany. 7.7km opened from Fanshawe St to Northcote Rd with the harbour bridge. 1962=Victoria Park Viaduct. 1969 Tristram Ave 1979 Sunset Rd

First motorway: Johnsonville to Tawa Flat in 1952. Spaghetti junction = planning began in 1967, Mike Lacaster resident engineer, MWD. --1975 north-south connected. 1979 northwestern connected to nelson st, but not to the rest. --1988 Grafton Gully = access to port. --southern + nw in 1989. --2002 Central Motorway Junction project commenced, allowing transport between north, south, northwestern and grafton gully in any direction. Completed Dec 2006.

Mount Eden (suburb)
In the late 1800s, the southern area of Mt Eden west of Dom Rd / North of Balmoral Rd was a Typha orientalis swamp. The area near St Alban the Martyr, Anglican Church / Balmoral School field was a lake named Te Roto a Rangi. Rangi=Rangihuamoa of Waiohua, wife of Huakaiwaka. Rangi and her attendands were captured by Ngati Whatua here when collecting fresh water shellfish. ((late 1600s)).

http://cfgheritage.com/19_0996stjames.pdf http://cfgheritage.com/13_0551leamingtonroad.pdf https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/local-boards/all-local-boards/albert-eden-local-board/docswalkingcyclingmaps/mt-eden-heritage-walks.pdf

Mount Wellington
http://cfgheritage.com/2011_57morrinhomestead.pdf

New Zealand history
86 Maori fast learners of written language, it spread faster than missionaries. Due to missionary teachings banning polygamy and slavery, mana of chiefs diminished. 186 Until 1926, most maori were in rural communities. These communities thrived, little contact to pakeha world.

WWII 1930s 90% of Maori lived rurally. The Manpower Act directed young maori ineligible for military towards working in factories. Young women were factories or farm girls. 1942 Maori War Effort Organisation, under Lieutenant Colonel Hemphill, mobilised rural iwi to create food/raise funds for war effort.

Ngāti Pāoa
-descend from the ancestor Pāoa, who migrated from Ngāruawāhia on the Waikato River to Hauraki (Coromandel). -There he married Tukutuku, a descendant of Marutūahu. -Rautao and Kapetaua of Ngāti Pāoa, conquered much of Tāmaki (Auckland) in separate battles. -fought a number of campaigns against Ngāti Whātua and Te Wai-o-Hua of Tāmaki at Mahurangi and the Whau and Tāmaki rivers. -priot to Europeans, rohe was Thames estuary, the Hūnua Ranges, east Tāmaki, Waiheke Island and the coast northward to Whangaparāoa.

-mid 1750s, established on Waiheke, western Firth of Thames, eastern shore of Tamaki Estuary. -In 1780s, Te Taou gifted some land to NP on the Western shore of the Tamaki River. -Te Tahuri, chieftainess of TT/WoH descent, gifted Tauma to the Ngati Hura hapi of Ngati Paoa. Arrangement between Tahuri and Kehu, husband of Te Putu of NH. -Within a generation, NP population almost outnumbered NW on the isthmus. -during a shark fishign expedition near Saddle Island, NW caught a shark which they called Te Haupo, after a Ngati Paoa chief. Considered the worst of insults. -Fought. Tarahawaiki (son of Tūperiri, father of Apihai Te Kawau) died. Began a cycle of revenge attacks. -1792, NP and Hauraki allies clashed with NW at Puponga (northern Manukau) + Rangimatarau (near pt chev). Both times NP was defeated. -1793, NW asked Waikato allies (inc TAW) to help attack NP at Maraetai and Waiheke. -After a final battle at Orohe (Churchill Park), NW victorious and peacemaking began. -1793, Ngapuhi attacked NP, revenge for past raids. NP taua defeated at Takapuna, but Ngapuhi defeated at Tamaki river mouth. -In retaliation, NP+Ngati Maru attacked Waitangi. -peace began in 1790s until 1810s.

Ngāi Tai
-descend from the Tainui ancestors Taihaua, Taikehu and Te Kete-ana-taua, who settled in Tāmaki when the Tainui canoe passed across the isthmus on its way to Kāwhia Harbour. -three sisters, Raukohekohe, Motuitawhiti and Te Kawenga, led several hundred people in a migration called Te Heke-o-Ngā-Tokotoru (the migration of the three) from Tōrere Bay to Tāmaki. Here, Raukohekohe and Motuitawhiti both married both Te Wai-o-Hua and Ngāi Tai chief Te Whatatau.

Ngäi Tai were the first people to live on the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula. Duder Regional Park

-Tainui waka sheltered from a storm Whakakaiwhara Peninsula. Went ashore, ate from the forest. The name refers to this: whaka kai(eat) whara (=kiekie bract). --Te Tauranga ō Tainui, far east of the park, named for this. --a crew member called Tāne Whakatia planted a karaka berry on the point of the Peninsula. --grew into ‘Huna ä Täne’ or the ‘Tree of Täne’. The tree no longer exists, but is responsible for the karaka trees on the peninsula. -After this travelled up Tamaki River, crossed to Manukau Harbour, eventually settling in Kawhia. --However, some members of the waka decided to settle in the area (the Wairoa River+Whakakaiwhara Peninsula), becoming the Ngäi Tai.

Until the 1600s, known as Ngäti Tai. Adopted the name Ngäi Tai. Due to ‘Te Hekenga ö ngä Tuatoru’ (the migration of the three), where three Bay of Plenty Ngäi Tai fled the BOP to escape conflict. When the rangatira Te Whatatau travelled to the Coromandel to meet them, his wife shamed him. Te Whatatau decided to marry Te Raukohekohe and Motukitawhiti, two of the sisters, and cemented the union by renaming the iwi Ngäi Tai. Te Whatatau and Te Raukohekohe's son Te Wana became the rangatira, and was a famed warrior. 1600s= Whakakaiwhara Pä and Te Oue Pä were the main homes of Ngäi Tai rangatira and focal points of Ngai Tai. Ngai Tai Häpu moved around their rohe in Maraetai/Clevedon seasonally harvesting, fishing, etc. 1820s rangatira = Tara Te Irirangi, who lived at Umupuia. 1850s Hori Te Whëtuki, "Long George". at Umupuia.

During musket wars, most Ngai Tai fled to Waikato, however some remained for ahi kaa. Te Irirangi’s daughter, Ngeungeu (Figure 4), was one of many women and children taken up to the Bay of Islands by Ngä Puhi. There, she married Thomas Maxwell (Tame Kohe), a crew member of a whaling ship. Later, they moved to Tämaki but after Thomas drowned in 1842, Ngeungeu and her children returned home to Umupuia. They and their many descendants have played a prominent part in the affairs of Ngäi Tai over successive generations. -sharks split and dried at Whakakaiwhara Pä, a tradition that continued until about 1940.

AKL history = missionaries in 1835/6 attempted to promote peace in the region, organised meetings between rangatira of different iwi. -Ngai Tai sold land to William Fairburn along the disputed border, who agreed to keep it as a neutral area. The land could still be used by Maori. -Fairburn promised the return in 1837. Fairburn establishes a mission at Maraetai. -Most Ngai Tai converted to Christianity after this, attended mission school.

European settlers arrived in Maraetai - Wairoa area in 1852. -reliant on Maori for crops and labour. Flats inland from peninsula became orchards of peaches, apples, pears and quinces

In 1854, the New Zealand government created a 6,063 acre native reserve for Ngāi Tai, including the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula. As a part of this arrangement, Ngāi Tai agreed not to settle elsewhere in the region, which meant Ngāi Tai's tradition of settling in areas seasonally could not be continued. During the Invasion of the Waikato in the 1860s, rangatira Hori Te Whētuki kept a neutral position between the colonial government and the Kīngitanga Movement, however due to the shared Tainui connection between Ngāi Tai and the Kīngitanga Movement, many Ngāi Tai fought for the Kīngitanga. In the aftermath of the invasion, much of Ngāi Tai's rohe was confiscated, however the Whakakaiwhara Peninsula remained in Ngāi Tai possession.

Ngati Whatua
-ancestor Tumutumuwhenua (also known as Tuputupuwhenua) and the Māhuhu-ki-te-rangi canoe. - ancestors migrated from Muriwhenua to the Waimamaku River valley, Waipoua Forest, Kaihū River valley and Kaipara Harbour, where they intermarried with, and subsumed, earlier peoples.

Ngati Whatua Orakei
Whakapapa to Te Taou chief, Tuperiri, and to the Waiohua people. -Tuperiri insisted his sons marry Waiohua women, to ensure mana whenua.

Tuperiri and Te Waha-akiaki occupied O-rewa near Ngutuwera (Kendalls Bay area), other TT lives at Te To- and Te Tauhinu.

Nga Oho 2=ostly Mangere and Ihumatao. Began to intermarry with Waikato tribes. Nga Oho,, Te uringutu = intermarriage of WoH and NWO.

NWO -returned to Tamaki after refuge, when balance muskets was realigned. Gifted many lands to Waikato as thanks and to strengthen ties between the two. -Due to Fitzroy waiver, most of NWO land alienated, except for 700 acre block at Orakei. In 1860s the land court established a trust to administer the NWO land. -In 1898 partitioned the land, making it the personal property of trustees and their families. -Between 1913 and 1930, most of the Orakei Block was acquired by the Crown. Began with Bastion Point in late 1800s, taken for a military base to protect against russian scare. Also state housing. -By 1951, the community was restricted to 3 acres in Okahu Bay. These 3 acres were taken under the e Public Works Act, and the community was relocated to state rental units near Takaparawhau Park. Te Puru o Tamaki wharenui destroyed. NWO only left with quarter acre cemetery -1977 Bastion Point. Govt's plan of 1976 to develop Takaparawhau Park. -Govt returned 10 hectares of land, including where rental properties were. Orakei Block Vesting and Use Act 1978. A trust established. -In 1991 the Orakei Act was passed, based on Waitangi Tribunal's rec's. Further land returned, primarily Takaparawhau Park, co-administered with AKL council + NWO. -3 hectares set aside for commercial development, on which a retirement village was built. Start of NWO building capital for future descendants. -1991 crown sold rail assets, including Auckland railway station. NWO purchased this and surrounding 20 hectares for $20mil.

Te Waha-akiaki
Other TT chief. Escaped the massacre, taking surviving TT to O-kahukura. Raised a taua and attacked Awhitu Peninsula, Tarataua pa-. At the waitakere massacre. Killed KT.

Ngāti Te Ata
-also known as Te Ruakaiwhare, after the tribal guardian who protects the waters of Manukau Harbour. -Waiuku, the Awhitū peninsula, Huia and the Waitākere Ranges. -famous woman chief Te Atairehia, a granddaughter of the founding Te Wai-o-Hua chief Te Hua-o-kaiwaka. She was given land in Waiuku after helping the local hapū (sub-tribe) Ngāti Kahukōkā in its fight against other tribes. Te Atairehia married Tapuae, a Tainui chief who was killed after winning control of a stretch of the Waikato River from Taupiri to Port Waikato. His death was avenged by his son Pāpaka, who secured Waiuku for Ngāti Te Ata.

Onehunga
https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/proposal/NSP000038/Evidence/b6bce4db2b/NSP000038-EWL-Rebuttal-Ngati-Whatua-O-Orakei-Summary-GMurdoch.pdf https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/proposal/NSP000038/Board-minutes-directions-and-correspondence-Correspondence-to-decision-maker/874e519883/EWL-Resp-Min1-Cultural-Values-Report.pdf https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/FileAPI/proposal/NSP000038/Evidence-Submitters-evidence/6e05e7b63d/EWL-Auckland-Council-Panuku-Corporate-Rod-Marler.pdf https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/UnitaryPlanDocuments/pc-49-appendix-14-cultural-value-assessment-te-akitai-waiohua.pdf  Te Hopua a Rangi (Geddes Basin or Gloucester Park)

ONEHUNGA Most likely One-unga (a place where canoes hauled up - landing or disembarking beach) a Waihoua name for the area. However alternative translations such as "friable earth" or "place of burials" -Spring on Pricnes St/Spring St used as fresh water source for the town in Maori and early European settlement periods. -After death of Tuperiri in 1795, Ngati Whatua left heights of Maugakiekie and settled coastal kainga + seasonal circuits, such as at Onehunga. -1820-1840 = principal residence of NWoO = Mangere-Onehunga. -1840-47: West part of Princes St in Onehunga was major trading spot for Maori goods -1840s and 50s = Major part for food. -European land at Onehunga was aquired through ‘Fitzroy waivers’ (1844-5) settlers purchasing land directly from Maori (despire being a treaty breach). Also, no land was put aside for Maori. -Crown acquired land at Onehunga 723 acres, which became the basis of Onehunga township. Onehunga was developed as a 'fencible' settment. -1860: construction of Onehunga blockhouse due to perceived threats from Waikato, at Jellicoe Park..

-Fitz Roy Waivers: in place from 1844 until 1846 when Governor Fitz Roy was recalled and Sir George Grey replaced him as governor and restored Crown pre-emption. -the land was not returned, instead went to the Crown who either resold it to new owners or held onto it, for the purpose of establishing reserves or defence land25. -land from Lynfield to Mt Wlg bought = 26 March 1844 under Fitzroy waivers.

Orakei
http://cfgheritage.com/16_0750hapimanastreet.pdf

Otahuhu
http://cfgheritage.com/14_0568huttonstreet.pdf https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/heritagesurveys/otahuhu-heritage-survey-01.pdf

Parnell
https://mch.govt.nz/sites/default/files/projects/erebus-memorial-archaeological-assessment-december-2019.pdf https://mch.govt.nz/sites/default/files/projects/Proposed%20~%20Parnell%2C%20Auckland%20%20Report%20on%20Exploratory%20s56%20Archaeological%20Investigation%20of%20R11%202681%20Feb%202020%20PUBLISHED.pdf

Pukaki Lagoon
https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/2779/ https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collections-research/collections/record/am_library-photography-34414?srt=oldest&ooc=True&c=ecrm%3AE84_Information_Carrier&k=Mangere&ordinal=9

Pukekohe
https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage/heritagesurveys/pukekohe-heritage-survey-appendix-1.1.pdf

Puketutu
s -the place where tohunga Rakataura lived.
 * , Tūhoe ancestor Toi-kai-rākau, who arrived on the Mātaatua canoe, visited Puketutu and merged with the people who already lived on Puketutu.

Ēpiha Pūtini


Ngāti Tamaoho rangatira Ēpiha Pūtini (also known as Te Rangitāhua Ngāmuka and Jabez Bunting)

P28 Maori were present on Mangere 0 puhinui coastline by at least 1450, established settlements later in 15th c. Otuatua stonefields = 15th C. Soils suited to kumara, gourd, taro, uwhi )yam) ti- pore and aute.

P29 Stonefields based on Polynesian knowledge, creating boundary walls, windbreaks and drainage systems.

P82-83 Ihumatao continued to be ocupied. In 1846, Wesleyan methodist society invited to there. Mission established at foot of Maungataketake. Food from Ihumatao was provided to the township of Auckland until 1863, Waikato War. Establishment of mission linked to Ngati Tamaoho chief Te Rangita-hua Nga-muka from A-whitu.

P89 papakainga on oeninsula = O-ruarangi (i.e. Puketa-papa) and Te Tiki, on southern side. Buildings of mission in place by 1849. P93 People lived on Manukau Harbour in disbursed pattern, not concentrated villages, even 1840s.

P95 1863 cornfields, potato, kumara, 200 pigs, _ others. New stone walls were needed for containing animals. New techniques for potatoes and fruit trees.

P100-101, 107 Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon purchased land at Mangere in 1852, living at Taotaoroa, near Ihumatao. Western side of Pukaki Creek (-36.997823378579305, 174.80556250162854) From 1852-1864 lived there. Helped by pukaki maori to establish farm. In 1863 during land wars he headed the Colonial Defense Force, arreted Ihaka Takanini and his family. Nixon died during the war. Ihaka elderly and ill. Taken to Rakino Island, where family was held prisoner.

P105 May 1857 meeting at Ihumatao for exhumation of Jabez' bones. Thousands of visitors. The hui led to discussions about how iwi believed the crown had failed, leading to the birth of the kingitanga movement. TWW appointed in 1858.

P106 1863, Grey ordered eviction of Manukau area kainga. Everyone must leave for Waikato or swear oath to Queen and give up arms. Most felt they had no choice.

P111 Following land confiscation, was subdivided and sold to British immigrants, who dismantled and rearranged the stonefield rocks. Established some of the first dairy farms in Auckland. Rocky terrain could not be plowed mechanically., unsuitable to European farming methods.

P199 Maori archaeologists and historians highlighted significance of the area. Manukau City Council, DOC lotteries Commission, ARC purchased stonefields from four families, creating O-tuatua Stonefields Historic Reserve., opened in 2001.

P82-83 Born circa 1816, son of Waikato chief Te Tuhi, taken in by relative Ngati Tamaoho rangatira Wiremu Weterere Te Kauae. TR spent two years at WMS mission at Mangunu on Hokianga Harbour., 1835 adopted baptismal name Jabez Bunting (E-piha Pu-tini), after a WMS secretary in London. After musket war, TRN moved back to Pehiakura on Awhitu. Wesleyan mission at O-rua closed in 1836 due to religious rivalries w/ Anglican church. Wesleyan church refused to send missionary to Pehiakura, so TRN constructed raupo church and school and taught the gospel himself. 1840 Gov Hobson visited and was impressed. P84 NW gifted land to TRN at Remuera after wars. P85 Married Te Paea Ti-aho, daughter of PTWW, considered PTWW's possible successor. 1844 approached Walter Lawry for a preacher at Pehiakura, who agreed. Congragation was 150 now. P86 William Woon selected/ Late 1845 war broke out on Awhitu between Tamaoho and Ngati te Ata over land boundaries. P87 Te Wherowhero met with TAW chiefs Mohi te Ahi a Te Ngu- and I-haka Takanini, rangatira of Ihumatao and Pukaki. ATWW arranged for Ngati Tamaoho to settle at Ihumatao alongside Waiohua. 1848-49 Ihumatao/Pehiakura population of 200. P88 1840s = Pehiakura = large wheat farms. Putini et al moved to Ihumatao in early 1846, cultivating ground at Ihumatao. 1849 problems between NtA and Ntamaoho when NtA began cultivating Pehiakura. Solved at a meeting at Ihumatao.

P103 Died unexpectedly at Ihumatao in 1856.

Remuera
May 1844 - large banquet at Renuera, Te Wherowhero supplied food.

Lake Waiatarua

Tainui waka
-Tainui waka sheltered from a storm Whakakaiwhara Peninsula. Went ashore, ate from the forest. The name refers to this: whaka kai(eat) whara (=kiekie bract). --Te Tauranga ō Tainui, far east of the park, named for this. --a crew member called Tāne Whakatia planted a karaka berry on the point of the Peninsula. --grew into ‘Huna ä Täne’ or the ‘Tree of Täne’. The tree no longer exists, but is responsible for the karaka trees on the peninsula. -After this travelled up Tamaki River, crossed to Manukau Harbour, eventually settling in Kawhia. --However, some members of the waka decided to settle in the area (the Wairoa River+Whakakaiwhara Peninsula), becoming the Ngäi Tai.

TAW
Pūkaki marae, Makaurau marae, Te Puea marae. </ref

Te Henga (Bethells Beach)
TKaM resettled 1830s after Ngapuhi. Established a musket pa.

Te Ika-a-Ranginui / Te Ika-aranga-nui
-musket wars battle. -peace had been made w/ NP and Waikato, but not with NW/TT. -Feb 1825 taua of HH's people of Waimate and Kerikeri and of Te Whareumu of Korora-reka. -Te Whareumu's forces were overwhelmed and needed rescue by HH. -Main battle was Waimako stream -NW fled to O-tamatea, where they met with Te Kawau, TT and NO forces. -NW, TuoH and others reorganised at Waikumete, where they left women and children. Warriors went north to Kaipara, killed Ha-re Hongi, eldest won of Hongi Hika, at O-kahukura. Warriors fled to Waikato. -NPuhi returned north, but by Dec 1825 set out again. NW and TT offered refuge in Rotorua and Maungatautari, but instead stayed with NPaoa chief Te Rauroha at pa in Waipa- district (Waha-rauroa/Whakarauroa/Whareroa) 1825 NP still at war with Ngati Whatua, even though peace with Waikato and Ngati Paoa. Northland Taua fought NW at Te Ika-a-Ranganui battle. HH had many guns. On Waimakomako stream, Kaipara harbour. NW fled south to Muriwai. NW, te uri-o-hau, and Tamaki allies reorganised forces at Waikumete. Fighting men went north. After fight, left for Waikato heads. After further hostility, some Te Taou remained at Waikumete under chief Awarua, tending to pigs. TT soon left, offered refuge in other parts of the country.

https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/learning-local-kaipara-students-finally-learn-about-the-pivotal-event-in-their-history/U7CP5KETCAL2CCS5KNB77Q4FNI/

Te Kawerau-a-Maki
-descend from the Tainui, Te Wakatūwhenua and Te Moekākara canoes. -Tiriwa credited with uplifting Rangitoto volcano from Karekare beach and carrying it to its present location in the Hauraki Gulf. -trace their descent from the Tainui priest Rakataura, or Hape. -Te Kawerau-a-Maki’s ancestor Maki, who migrated from the Tainui and Taranaki regions, took control of much of the land between Tāmaki and the Kaipara. -Maki's son Te Kawerau-a-Maki namesake of tribe. Named over dispute between NW and Maki over kumara plantations (te kawerau = straps of a kumara bag). -Maki’s great-grandson, Te Auotewhenua, went on to control the land between Muriwai and Manukau Harbour.

15-17 -origins in several groups: turehu, Nga Oho, Tainui and Ngai Titahi, a hapu of Ngati Awa. Turehu = original inhabitants of the area. Nga Oho = first polynesian inhabitants. Tainui = Rakataura + co. Ngati Awa - Maki, who immigrated from Kawhia northwards. Maki settled at Waiuku, then Rarotonga (mt smart). Maki conquered tamaki isthmus, up to Kaipara harbour, east to Aotea (GBI). Ngaoho people conquered and intermarried into Maki's people. Name came from an event involving Maki during conquest of Kaipara.

17 Early 1700s NW migrated south. Kaerau people pushed south. NW took revenge for unacceptable killings, attacking the Waitakere Ranges settlements of TKaM. Peace through intermarriage was established. A line from Te Taupaki south of Muriwai to Rangitopuni/Riverhead. Important marriages with Waiohua (Manukau Harbour/Auckland isthmus). TAiTW child = Kowhatukiteuru, at Karekare. Called pa Te Kaka Whakaara (kaka parrot standing seltinel). Kainga was known as Te Marae o Mana, after Manaairangi, son of Kowhatukiteuru. 22 Kowhatukiteuru = mid 1700s.

23 Musket Wars. Battle at Te Henga was known as Rangitapiriri. Hongi Hika along coastline, while Te Kahakaha (Ngati Tautahi hapu of NPhi) - inland taua, travelling south from Kaipara heads.

25 Under Te Ngerengere, moved from Kakamatua to Te Henga, built musket pa 'Parawai'. Most settled here. a small group settled at Piha under Heketarere and son-in-law Te Tuiau. Established kainga at Wekatahi inland of Waitetura (North Piha).

- traces their lineage back to the earliest inhabitants of the Manukau and Waitakere, and are considered one of the -ancestor, the Tūrehu chieftain Tiriwa, lived in Waitekeres+West Auckland. (traditional name:Te Wao-nui-a-Tiriwa, the great forest of Tiriwa) -Tainui waka arrived later in the 1300s -Parau/laingholm/Waima area = important link between Waitakere Ranges and Manukau Harbour. Many pa, kainga. -tuna (eel), kōura (crayfish), pipi, tipa (scallops), and tuangi (cockles). -Te Kawerau-a-Maki were neutral during the conflict between NW and WoH, offering shelter to refugees. -Te Kawerau-a-Maki were invaded by Ngapuhi in 1825. Most TKaM fled to the Waikato, however a few remained to ensure ahi kā (maintaining occupation) -Most returned in 1836, first at Kakamatua, followed by a musket pa at Te Henga. -1830s/40s = widespead disease.

-Maki conquered the area in the 1600s. Migrated to Auckland from the northern Taranaki-Kawhia area. Maki (as Tainui, Ngaiwi, Ngaoho) felt this was his ancestral home. -Te Kawerau a Maki name comes from an incident which occurred while Maki was visiting the southern Kaipara -One of the names of Maki's only son born in Kaipara, Tawhiakiterangi -Hikurangi (West Auckland), to Te Whenua roa o Kahu (the North Shore), Whangaparaoa, Mahurangi, Matakanakana, Pakiri, southern Kaipara, and the gulf islands of Aotea (Great Barrier Island), Hauturu o Toi (Little Barrier Island) and Tiritiri Matangi, forming the Te Kawerau confederation. -By the early 1700s the traditional rohe was thus from Okaka (South Head, Kaipara) to Paratutai (North Head, Manukau) in the west; and from Te Arai o Tahuhu (Te Arai Point) in the northeast to Takapuna in the southeast as well as the gulf islands. The heartland of Te Kawerau a Maki was and remains Hikurangi (WA).

-In the 1800s, loggers transported wood from the Waitakeres on the Whatipu Wharf, to Onehunga. -Tram line from Piha to Karekare. -the 1850s and 1860s the ranges were subdivided, sold to farmers. -decline in logging meant AC bought properties in the early 1900s, for water supply. -Following this, land was returned to native bush.

-Maki was Ngāti Awa?? from Kaipara? -around 1700, Kāwharu of Ngati Whatua attacked TKaM, sacking pa at Muriwai, Te Henga, Anawhata, Piha, Karekare and Whatipu -RC date for many sites is for 1500s/1600s. -influenza epidemics of 1790 and 1810.

https://treeadvocates.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Edward-Ashby-Expert-Evidence.pdf

P10 By the 1990s, TWaM people mostly lived at Orakei marae area and Ihumatao. P12 TwaM existed as a tribal identity since the 1600s. Maki intermarried with peoples who already lived here. Earliest ancestor is Tiriwa, a Turehu. 'Tini o Maruiwi', who migrated north from Taranaki, under Panuku conquered the Turehu. P13 Kawerau people early name = 'Kawerau moko torea', due to their distinctive tattooing style. Rakataura is an ancestor to TKaM Mid-14th C, Ngati Awa group migrated south to Waitakere Ranges from Northland. ;Ngai Titahi;, left behind many pa building techniques before going south to Taranaki. Wooden palisades without defensive ditches, retaining walls. Early 1600s, Maki of Ngati Awa (Te Ati Awa), who had settled at Kawhia, migrated north. Originally settled near Waiuku, then north near Rarotonga. Maki and his people conquered the isthmus and north to Kaipara Harbour. They settled at Mimihanui near Helensville (Te Awaroa). Maki's people intermarried with Nga Oho. P13-14 Name = refers to an incident that happened when Maki conquered Kaipara.

Other Kawerau iwi = Ngati Manuhiri and Ngati Te Kahupara. Over time these iwi adopted their own sub-tribal names.

P14 Maki's grandson Te Au o Te Whenua controlled all land from Muriwai to Manukau Harbour. One of his homes was Puketotara (Wairere Stream Valley). Also known as Te Hawiti. Got the name Te Au o Te Whenua (the current of the land) from fixing the boundary between NW and TKaM. TKaM descendents many, but by the 18th C had merged with other tribal groups. Only two remaining sections used the name TK name: Waitakere and Mahurangi. During early 1700s NW migrated into the south Kaipara area. TKaM people pushed south. This was known as "Te Rapatu Tihore", the conquest that laid bare. After NW conquered Tamaki isthmus in 1740s, TKaM were left as they had important marriages. Kawerau rangatira Te Hawiti refused to let Ngati Whatua rangatira Poutapuaka to claim land south of this point.

P15 Century of peace. 1790s = Rewharewha, european-introduced disease decimated TKaM. 1820 met Samuel Marsden when he visited Oneonenui in Muriwai. Mid-1820s=Ngapuhi, musket wars. TK returned in 1835/6 under protection of Tainui Te Wherowhero. Built a musket pa at Parawai (-36.87742344251951, 174.45179509910153) on lower Waitakere River. No contact w/ europeans until Reverend William Wade in 1842 went to Waitak River. Wesleyan Rev James Bullder visited Parawai in 1844. 1845, converted Tawhia and Te Tuiau to Christianity. Tribe adopted. Land purchases of upper Waitamera harbour = 1844. Early 1850s, looked at north Waitak Ranges. TKaM retained 1860 acre 'Native Rserve'at Piha + 2918 Waitakere Native Reserve between Anawhata and Titikohua. The land north to Motutara

P16 Parawai until 1860s. Then, no longer fearing musket attacks, kainga Waiti (-36.883689750260615, 174.45341452578674). Junction of Waiti stream and Waitakere River. Mid-1880s, land leased then sold to European purchasers. Now 50 people. Continued to harvest Waitak Ranges, maaara. Sacred places were being destroyed by timber workers and visitors. Disillusioned and isolated. Saw what land wars did to Waiohua peoples. Under Te Waatarauihi Tawhia and Te Utika Te Aroha, became adherents to Pai Marire faith of the kingitanga movement. And by influence of Te Rongonui of Te Akitai. 1912 Te Utika Te Aroha died. After this moved from Waiti. Intermittently living at Te Henga, but by 1960s most land had been sold.

P23 TKaM traditionally seasonally migrated across rohe.

P26 Te Tuahu o Hawiti (the place where Hawiti carried out rituals) at Matuku Reserve. (Hawiti = Te Au o Te Whenus). Opposite Puketotara to the south is Koropotiki, revered old man. Made in early 1700s by Kowhatu Ki Te Uru, Kawerau ancestor.

Kumara grown in warm sheltered valleys of west coast streams by TKaM well known and sought after, cause of wars. TKaM grew kumara, taro, hue, aruhe. Abundant seafood on west coast, Waitakere ranges source of birds, berries, eel, crayfish.

A Ngaoho people. Descended from Moekākāra and Tainui canoes and Turehu. TKaM as an identity stems from the arrival of Maki Maki 1600s. 300 hapu moved north from Kawhia to the lands of his Ngāoho and Ngāiwi relatives. Te Waewaekotuku= event where Maki conqhered Auckland region. Named it ‘Tā-Maki’ and also as ‘Te Ipu Kura ā Maki’. Battles at Huia and Piha secured Hikurangi. Maraeariki = third son.

Tawhiakiterangi, the youngest son of Maki and Rotu = founding ancestor of TKaM. south kaipara + Hikurangi. Also had land rights through marriage Lived at Helensville, Riverhead, Hobsonville, Te Atatū, Okura, and throughout the Waitākere Ranges.

Tawhiakiterangi's grandson = Te Hawiti. Concluded a lasting peae with Ngāti Whātua, known as Te Taupaki. Called Te Auotewhenua – ‘the current of the land’. Lived at Hikurangi and Te Whenua roa o Kahu, including often at Puketōtara near Te Henga

T's Son Kowhatukiteuru took over as leader of TKaM. Pa builder. Used stone retaining walls. -assisted assisted his Te Waiohua relative Te Rauiti to build such fortifications at Te Tatua a Riukiuta (the Three Kings) on the Tāmaki isthmus.

During Musket War fled to Waikato, small number ahi kaa in ranges. 1836 resettling at Kakamatua near Huia then Te Henga

1830s 1840s disease

Te Kawerau ā Maki remained at the village at Waiti, Te Henga [which was situated on flat land near the existing Waiti Bridge], until the death of the Rangatira Te Utika Te Aroha in 1912, when most moved to the settlements of relatives at Ōrākei, Pukaki, and Puketāpapa.

Waiti Village - Arthur Butler 1910

-land sold in 1960s due to social and economic pressures

Maki and his brother Matāhu and their people conquered and settled Te Ipu Kura a Maki Maki belonged to wider Ngāti Awa iwi, specifically Ngaiwi. -battles at Waitetura (North Piha), Waihuna (Pararaha Valley) and Te Rauotehuia (Huia Bay). -Maki and his wife Rotu had only one child after their migration from Kawhia. This child was named Tawhiakiterangi, although he became known as Te Kawerau a Maki as a reminder of the deed that led to his father taking control of the district. -Maki and his people knew themselves as the Ngaiwi hapu of Ngaāti Awa, but others came to refer to them collectively from this time as Te Kawerau, and to Tawhiakiterangi’s descendants as Te Kawerau a Maki.

-descendents of Maki's identities merged with other groups. Waitakere and Mahurangi retained the specific name Te Kawerau a Maki. -early 1700s NW migrated southlards.

-late TKaM pa included Koropotiki Pa, constructed on Te Aute ridge -Maki's great grandson Te Au o Te Whenua came to control all the lands between Muriwai and the Manukau Harbour. One of his main homes was at Puketotara, the impressive pa in the Wairere Stream Valley. It was from this occupation of the area by Te Au o Te Whenua that the Kawerau people claimed and were awarded Certificate of Title to the Waitakere and Puketotara Blocks in the Native Land Court hearings of the 1860s.

-after 6 months at Kakamatua, returned to Te Henga where they built a musket pā at Parawai -Reverend James Buller in 1844 who visited the Te Kawerau a Maki settlement at Parawai. He also visited the Te Kawerau settlement of Wekatahi at Piha in December 1845 where he baptized and converted the two leading Kawerau rangatira, Tawhia kiterangi and Te Tuiau to Christianity. Tawhai kiterangi took the name Hone Watarauihi (John Waterhouse) after a leading Wesleyan minister based in Sydney. Te Kawerau a Maki followed their rangatira and adopted Christianity

-1836 and 1844 when the Karangahape (Cornwallis) and Te AtatuHenderson areas respectively were sold by Ngāti Whātua. Between 10 November 1853 and 27 December 1856 the Crown purchased most of the western Waitakere Ranges. At this time ‘Waitakerei’ was the name used for the area north of the Waitakere River. The ranges were called the Titirangi Ranges or the Manukau Ranges. '''

-1860s = moved to Waiti, no longer fear of musket warfare. Whatarauihi (Chief Waterhouse to the Pakeha)

-Waiti=Pai Marire church was constructed at Waiti near the banks of the Waiti Stream and the village was said to boast two marae.

-early 20th C. Under leadership of Te Utika Te Aroha. Sometimes at Kopironui, Muriwai and Orakei, but primarily living at Waiti. Waiti seriously flooded after Waitakere Dam built in 1910s.= degradation of the Waitakere River as a food source and viable waterway to transport flax to the Landing.

-Waiti no songs and hid daughters married outside of area. -All members now living in Auckland. Seven owners of Te Kawerau a Maki land sold 297 acres (120 ha) to Frank Bethell in 1931, although they still owned 350 acres (142 ha) at Parawai -remaining land sold by 1960s.

Parekura, Panuku, Erangi
TKaM. Panuku and Parekura lives in Waitakere area. Home at Wainamu. Cultivation Mara o Parekura. Nihotupu = one of the few Turehu people remaining, who lived in interior forest. Took a basket of hue, captured Parekura. Nihotupu dragged her to cavern home at Rua o Te Whenua. Parekura left a trail of toroa feathers from her korowai. Panuku followed the trail of feathers, where he killed Nihotupu. Source of names for many places in Waitakere area.

Erangi lives at Te Ihumoana in 14thC. In love with a young man from Puketotara pa, secretly met with him and gave birth to his child. Family disapproved, forbade her from seeing him. Erangi tied her baby to her shoulders and swim north up the coast, to head inland to Puketotara. Many places north of Bethells reference Erangi

PAREKURA = WIFE OF PANUKU. P24

Te Au o Te Whenua
https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0307/S00038/maori-name-chosen-for-harbourview-park.htm

Tiriwa
Tūrehu chieftain Tiriwa Home on the northern headland of the Pararaha Valley (-37.00888294753347, 174.48591357320709 ????) Left marks on the landscape. Forming of Mercer Bay. Tiriwa used karakia to show his power - moved Rangitoto from here to Waitemata harbour.

Three Kings, New Zealand
-The Three Kings complex of volcanic cones was purchased by the Crown in June 1841 along with much of the surrounding area north of Mt Albert Road under Deed 208.

-Te Tatua a Riukiuta. -Te Aumaro by Māori and the Mission Swamp by Europeans.

-pa: Te Onekiri to the East neat St Andrews Rd, -one on Big King. Ngā Pare Toka o Rauiti (rock headbank of Rauiti), defended with stone fortifications instead of earthworks.

-Farming was started by the Wesleyan Mission from 1848/9. -dairy, slaughter, farming. -Wesleyan mission taught in Te Reo Māori. -Wesleyan Native School 1848 to 1869, before moving to Paerata. -teaching youth religious and industrial. Girls and boys. including Hēni Te Kiri Karamū and Wahanui.

-add more info about stone walls and Rauiti

-lava caves burial site for important maori. During the early colonial era, the bones were taken and used as fertiliser. -"the girdle of Riu-ki-uta" because of the coming together of peoples. Earlier name was Te Tatua o Mataaho.

scoria cones of the group were Te Tatua a Mataaho or Big King at 133 m high, Koheraunui/Omahu/East King at 120 m high, and Taurangi/Southern/Highest King, which was 135 m high.

In the rohe of Waiohua confederacy. 1700s=Ngāti Huarere, led by Rauiti and his tuakana Tai-Horo @ te tatua, cousins to KT.

Trams
-Auckland Electric Tramway Co. Ltd. = one of the first in the world to use electricity to power trams.

-trams were thought likely to extend along Tamaki Drive, meaning sewage tanks at okahu bay )now Kelly Tarlton's) were built to be strong enough to sustain tram traffic.

-first use of asphalt was Queen Street in 1902 for the tramway.

-1886-7 brief tramway between Devonport and Cheltenham. -prior to trams horse drawn carriages were standard. -Tramways Act 1872 = municipal authorities gave licenses to tramway operators. Auckland first tramways in 1874, between Queen St, K'rd, and Ponsonby Road. Much smoother than horse drawn carriages. Built and operated by City of Auckland Tramways and Suburban Land Company Limited. -Subdivision of land led to increased need for PT and tramway services. -1886-7 brief tramway between Devonport and Cheltenham. -Dunedin = first city in NZ for electric trams. Roslyn Tramway Company Limited opening in Oct 1900. -British Electric Traction Company purchased City of Auckland Tramways and Suburban Land Company, renamed it the Auckland Electric Tramway Company )AETC). Built electric tramway, 'standard' gauge of 4 feet 8 1/2 inches, power supplied by overhead wires. -Opened 17 Nov 1902 by Alfred Kidd and Sir John Logan Campbell. -Initial tram routes = Herne Bay, Ponsonby, Grey Lynn, Kingsland, Newmarket, Onehunga. Over 30 years, expanded to Westmere, Pt Chev, Avondale, Owairaka, Mt Roskill, Three Kings, harp of Erin. -initial service = 43 trams imported from England. More imported in 1905+7, however as demand was so great AETC designed and built own teams. Eventually fleet was 269 trams. -1919 bought by Auckland Council, renamed Auckland City Corporation Tramways, 1929 reformed as Auckland Transport Board. -At peak in 1940s carried 99mill passengers, when Auckland population was 182,000. -Due to depression, tramway was worn out. Rotues converted to trolleybuses by 1949 despite protests. -Final service was Auckland to Onehunga on 29 December 1956. -Many trams survive at MOTAT, some in private collections.

-Light rail considered for bridge in 1950s but rejected due to cost. In 1990s MWD was asked to see if light rail could be placed on clip-ons. Shown to be feasible if it was sole use for light rail.

-In 1920s and 30s suburbanisation happened along tram line stops.

The new car-centric model for the isthmus and greater Auckland led to the removal of the Auckland tram lines, which were replaced with trolleybuses, ultimately and ultimately by bus routes.

Trains
-second railways in country (after Nelson in 1858) was east of Drury/Opaheke, due to coal mine. --Coal first had to be shipped to Manukau Harbour, then to Onehunga, then by drays to Auckland. -Drury coal mine hoped to ease reliance on New South Wales. -Railway became strategic importance due to Invasion of the Waikato in July 1863. -Auckland Provincial Council passed act allowing 100,000 pound railways from Auckland to Drury with branch line at Onehunga. -A number of possible routes between city and Newmarket. Engineer William Weaver recommended beginning on beach at Customs Street, through Mechanics Bay, tunnel under Parnell Ridge. -Tenders began 20 Sep 1865. First work between Parnell to Newmarkeet = March 1865. -Second: Newmarket to GSR/Panmure Rd Junction. -Tenders included to Panmure and Onehunga, but the full route to Drury was incomplete. It was later obvious that much more money would be required for this. -Work was delayed due to inferior brickwork for Parnell tunnel, need for rock excavation south of Newmarket. Lack of proper planning eg boring and surveying before railways were tendered also a factor in these delays. -Because of issues, after 1866 provincial coincil took over project from railways commission, stopped work. -Auckland to Drury Railway Act 1867 passed, which authorised disposal of salvageable plant. -Locals felt the railway was poor. Called the Railway to Nowhere, ridiculed for lack of proper planning and tendering of contracts. -Parnell Railway Bridge part of original contract, built between 1865 and 1866. Seen as a costly wwhite elephant when work stopped in 1866. Work resumed in early 1870s with the government public works policies. Immigration and Public Works Act 1870 and Railways Act 1870. -Bridge had too steep gradient, the track used the Auckland Provincial standard (4 feet 8 1.2 unches), unlike govt's standard 3 feet 6 inches. -Bridge remained part of the main trunk until Auckland to Westfield deviation in 1930. -3ft6in gage was chosen in Railways Act due to a recommendation by a consultant who described advantages of this in Canada and Norway. -first section opened was Onehunga line in Dec 1873. -Oct 1874 = south to Drury. -20 May 1875 Mercer was reached. -Ngaruawahia (Newcastle) rail bridge opened 17 nov 1876 -Reached Hamilton 19 Dec 1877. -Pirongia = considered for rail route in the 1870s, however a route through the Rukuhia swamp was preferred. --A railway directive was that no trains were allowed to idle in the swamp. -1 Jul 1880 = Te Awamutu. Final stop for the main trunk going south for many years. Main tunk line completed in 1908. -Earthworks began on a railway between Pokeno and Paeroa in the early 20th century, however these were never completed. -29 Oct 1875 rail opened from Riverhead to Helensville. Then in pieces the western line constructed, meeting at Newmarket. Once completed, the line between Kumeu and Riverhead was closed. -In mid 1880s a route between Britomart Station at Queen st and Kingsland via Freemans Bay was surveyed -rail between Auckland and Penrose duplicated between 1905-1910. -1909 Parnell tunnel was duplicated and railway bridge was enlarged. -rail traffic in akl doubled between 1890 and 1900, doubled again between 1900 and 1910. -main trunk to wlg opened in 1908. EASTERN -Even though main trunk 1908 to wlg, Parnell rise gradient limited the amount of goods, so a flat route through Hobson Bay and Panmure was planned. -Post WWII railways began to lose money. -In 1940s and 1950s midtown was becoming much more fashionable than lower queen st. -Rail patronage first increased with the purchase of 19 diesel trains from Perth (which had electrified services in 1993). Even though units were 5-10 years old, they were cleaner and more comfortable, leading patronage to almost double between 1993 and 1996.

Tūrehu
Tūrehu chieftain Tiriwa, lived throughout the extensive forest. Te Wao nui a Tiriwa.

Waiohua
https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/manukau/id/1076/rec/5 -Waiohua traditions suggest that their ancestors, Nga Oho, inhabited the Tamaki and Manukau areas even before Kupe arrived. -Nga Oho divided into Nga Iwi, whose land lay between the Waitemata Harbour and Papakura, and Nga Riki, who mostly settled south of Papakura; Waiohua themselves being a branch of Nga Iwi

Maungawhau to Maungakiekie = "as a result of an act of treachery, was declared tapu" look into.

WAIOHUA -Te Taou had displaced Te Kawaerau south of Kaipara prior to 1740. -After winning Akl region, Tuperiri took up residence at Maungakiekie. Died in 1795. -peace marriages between Te Taou and Waiohua and two new subtribes formed under the name Nga Oho and Te Uringutu. Collectively ‘Ngati Whatua o Orakei’. -Tahuri, the mother of Kiwi Tamaki, was the famed gardener of Maungakiekie's kumara plantations. Nga Maara a Tahuri, extending from Maungakiekie to Onehunga.

-Waiohua mostly fled, were killed or enslaved. The remaining Waiohua forces regrouped at Te Pane o Mataoho. Pipi shells were strewn on the sides of the mountain so that the sound of these being crushed by Te Taou would be heard. Te Taou covered the pipi shells with dogskin to remain silent, and took the pa at dawn. NW gave the pa a new name, Te-ara-pueru. -Main remaining pa post-Mangere were Bastion Point, Toka-purewa (Okahu Bay headland, near Kelly Tarlton's, and Taurarua Pa, the Parnell Baths). These were attacked some months years after Mangere. -non-Taou NW formed a taua and attacked Kohimarama, Orakei and Taurarua pa, killing the chiefs.

Maungawhau was the pa- of Hua Kaiwaka. He consolidated the descendents groups of the Isthmus as indicated by his identification as the ‘waka eater’, a metaphor for his gathering together tribes. By the time of his death, his son inherited a Waiohua alliance “as numerous as ants”

-Te Wakatuuwhenua and Te Moekaakara canoes, early Hawaiki tribe Ngaa Ohomatakamokamo-o-Ohomairangi (Ngaa Oho)

-chief Whauwhau of Rarotonga??

For Waiohua: https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collections-research/collections/record/am_library-photography-69108?p=4&entaut=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.aucklandmuseum.com%2Fid%2Fperson%2Fp%2F8d4e9ab80390a08fd6e3e850b8dc7ff71f2ccb14&ordinal=0 For K'rd: https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collections-research/collections/record/am_library-photography-15341?p=4&entaut=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.aucklandmuseum.com%2Fid%2Fperson%2Fp%2F8d4e9ab80390a08fd6e3e850b8dc7ff71f2ccb14&ordinal=14

waiohua pa ihumatao, moerangi, manurewa, ma-tukurua, rangitoto, tauoma, otahuhu, remuwera, puketa-papa, puketutu.

Waiuku
http://cfgheritage.com/2010_28mayheadroad.pdf

Weymouth
http://cfgheritage.com/13_0555waimahiainlet.pdf

Whangaparaoa
https://clough.co.nz/monographs/clough_monograph4.pdf

Whatipu
=Papatoetoe=

-Kadampa Buddhist temple opened in March 2008. Tibetan style building.

Wiri
Woodside flourished during the 1860s and the invasion of the waikato. Increased demand for food and services fro passage of troops. St John's Redoubt on Redoubt Road. First settled by Europeans around 1843. At the time known as Wiri, renamed in 1867 Woodside by a member of the Coxhead family after the family's hometown in England. During early 1870s was the major town south of Auckland, after Otahuhu and Bombay. 1875 railway led to Woodside declining in favour of Manurewa.

Wiri rejuvenated as a place with the development of industrial states in the the 1960s.

Weymouth
Early days was a transportation hub, due to the ferry between Weymouth and Karaka. This changed after land wars, when GSR was developed. Weymouth was believed that it would develop into a town. Wharf opened on 20 September 1926. Early 1900s Charles Beihler opened a general store in Weymouth Weymouth developed as a quiet seaside village.

Homai
Suburb in 1923 advertised as having country luving but with the facilities of a town.

Wattle Farm
Farm owned by Mr White, who planted wattle trees for use in tanning, but were the wrong kind of wattle for this. The estate later owned by Kimpton family.

Manurewa's increasing population = oxidation pond at Wattle Farm Road, constructed in 1959.

Alfriston
Farming district. First settlers accessed the area via the Turanga Creek, clearing the land. Presbytarian church opened in 1863, Anglican church in 1877. School built in 1897.

Takanini
Formerly a fast kauri forest, which was successively uprooted. Became source for kauri gum. Named after Ihaka Takaanini Famous for horse training, begiinning at the Glenora Park in the 1860s. First controlled flight After WWII, developed urban and industrial.

Manukau
- St John's Redoubt was built in Manukau in 1863. never saw any active engagement, but was used as accommodation for travelling militia. 23-25 Redoubt Road, Manukau

Misc sources

 * https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Tamaki-Makaurau/Tamaki-Makaurau-Deed-of-Settlement-Schedule-Documents-5-Dec-2012.pdf
 * https://www.epa.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Documents/Fast-track-consenting/Paerata-and-Drury-Central-stations/Vol-4-03-Cultural-Impact-Assessment-Ngati-Te-Ata.pdf
 * http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/regionalplans/aucklandcouncilregionalpolicystatement/RPS%20Change%2013%20Environment%20Court%20Decision%20appendices.pdf
 * https://at.govt.nz/media/1168412/aeeappendix6culturalvalues.pdf
 * https://www.maunga.nz/
 * https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Ngati-Paoa/2021-03-20-N-Paoa-Deed-of-Settlement-Historical-Claims.pdf
 * https://www.ngatipaoaiwi.co.nz/uploads/8/4/5/7/84576074/ngati_paoa_report_nov_2016.pdf
 * https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Ngati-Paoa/2021-03-20-N-Paoa-Deed-of-Settlement-Documents.pdf
 * https://www.environmentcourt.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/E77-CVA-Ngati-Paoa-Iwi-Trust.pdf
 * https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/sites/default/files/tuhinga.22.2011.pt2_.p19-100.davidson.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/plans-projects-policies-reports-bylaws/our-plans-strategies/unitary-plan/auckland-unitary-plan-modifications/notices-of-requirement-to-designate-land/nor7docs/nor7-appendix-25-archaeology%20aee.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/three-kings-heritage-trail.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/blockhouse-bay-heritage-walks.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/waitakere-ranges-heritage-features-guide.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/balmoral-sandringham-heritage-walks.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/tawharanui-history.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/te-maketu-history.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/wenderholm-regional-park-history-walk.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/university-heritage-trail.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/takapuna-milford-walk.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/auckland-city-heritage-walks.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/auckland-literary-heritage-trail.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/north-shore-literary-walks.pdf
 * https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/arts-culture-heritage/heritage-walks-places/Documents/otautaua-stonefields-historic-reserve-brochure.pdf
 * https://knowledgeauckland.org.nz/media/1419/a-brief-history-of-aucklands-urban-form-2019-web.pdf
 * https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_791884/Wai%20898%2C%20A023.pdf
 * https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Merata-Kawharu/publication/303880409_Tamaki_Foreshore_and_Seabed_Report_A_report_prepared_for_the_Ngati_Whatua_Wai_388_claim/links/575a5f9d08ae414b8e4602bb/Tamaki-Foreshore-and-Seabed-Report-A-report-prepared-for-the-Ngati-Whatua-Wai-388-claim.pdf
 * https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Merata-Kawharu/publication/303880409_Tamaki_Foreshore_and_Seabed_Report_A_report_prepared_for_the_Ngati_Whatua_Wai_388_claim/links/575a5f9d08ae414b8e4602bb/Tamaki-Foreshore-and-Seabed-Report-A-report-prepared-for-the-Ngati-Whatua-Wai-388-claim.pdf