User:Pseudo-Richard/Supreme Court Cases involving the First Amendment

Before the Jehovah’s Witnesses brought several dozen cases before the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1930s and 1940s, the Court had handled few cases contesting laws that restricted freedom of speech and [freedom of religion]]. Until then, the First Amendment had only been applied to Congress and the federal government.

However, the cases brought before the Court by the Jehovah's Witnesses allowed the Court to consider a range of issues: mandatory flag salute, sedition, free speech, literature distribution and draft law. These cases proved to be pivotal moments in the formation of constitutional law. Jehovah’s Witnesses’ court victories have strengthened rights including the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service and the right to engage in public discourse.

Government Intervention in Church Controversies

 * United States v. Ballard (1944)
 * Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral (1952)
 * Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
 * Jones v. Wolf (1979)

The Jehovah's Witnesses Cases

 * Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
 * Jones v. Opelika I (1942)
 * Jones v. Opelika II (1943)
 * Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
 * Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
 * West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
 * Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)
 * Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)

Conscientious Objection to War

 * United States v. Schwimmer (1929)
 * United States v. Macintosh (1931)
 * Hamilton v. Regents of the Univerisity of California (1934)
 * Girouard v. United States (1946)
 * United States v. Seeger (1965)
 * Welsh v. United States (1970)
 * Gillette v. United States (1971)

Religion and the Right to Work

 * Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
 * Trans World Airlines v. Hardison (1977)
 * Ohio Civil Rights Commission v. Dayton Christian Schools (1986)
 * Corporation of the Presiding Bishops of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos (1987)
 * Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)
 * United States v. National Treasury Employees Union (1995)
 * Religious Tests for Public Service or Benefits
 * Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
 * McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
 * Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
 * Bowen v. Roy (1986)

Free Exercise and Free Speech

 * R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul

Free Exercise and Public Education

 * Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
 * Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
 * Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens(1990)
 * Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District (1993)
 * Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (1995)

Free Exercise and Public Property

 * Capital Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette (1995)
 * Free Exercise and Taxation
 * United States v. Lee (1982)
 * Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
 * Solicitation by Religious Groups
 * Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness (1981)
 * Free Exercise and Eminent Domain
 * Lying v. Northwest Indian CPA (1988)
 * City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)

Outlawing of Religious Sacrifice

 * Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)

Standing to Sue

 * Flast v. Cohen (1968)
 * Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State (1982)
 * Bender v. Williamsport (1986)

Tax Exemption to Religious Institutions

 * Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
 * Texas Monthly Inc. v. Bullock (1989)

Sunday Work

 * McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
 * Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
 * Thorton v. Caldor (1985)

Religious Institution Functioning as a Government Agency

 * Larkin v. Grendel's Den
 * Bowen v. Kendrick (1988)
 * Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School v. Grumet (1994)

Unequal Government Treatment of Religious Groups

 * Larson v. Valente (1982)

Legislative Chaplains

 * Marsh v. Chambers (1983)

Government-Sponsored Nativity Scenes

 * Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
 * County of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater Pittsburgh Chapter (1989)
 * Government Aid to Public Education
 * McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
 * Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
 * Engel v. Vitale (1962)
 * Abington Township School District v. Schempp (1963)
 * Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
 * Stone v. Graham (1980)
 * Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
 * Agostini v. Felton (1997)
 * Mitchell v. Helms (2000)

Governmental Aid to Church-Related Schools

 * Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)
 * Cochran v. Louisiana State Board of Education (1930)
 * Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
 * Board of Education v. Allen (1968)
 * Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
 * Tilton v. Richardson (1971)
 * Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Nyquist (1973)
 * Meek v. Pittenger (1975)
 * Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (1976)
 * Wolman v. Walter (1977)
 * Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (1980)
 * Mueller v. Allen (1983)
 * Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
 * Grand Rapids School District v. Ball (1985)
 * Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993)

Prayer in Public Schools

 * Lee v. Weisman (1992)

Teaching of Creationism in Public Schools

 * Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)

Animal Sacrifice
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah (1993)

Bigamy
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. United States (1890) Davis v. Beason (1890) Reynolds v. United States (1878)

Blue Laws
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961) McGowan v. Maryland (1961)

Charitable Solicitation
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943) Follett v. Town of McCormick (1944) Jamison v. State of Texas (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (1942) overruled by Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Largent v. Texas (1943) Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943) Prince v. Massachusetts (1944) Tucker v. Texas (1946) United States v. Ballard (1944)

Child Labor
Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)

Church Property
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. United States (1890) City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)

Civil Rights
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Amos (1987) Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor (1985)

College Organizations
Locke v. Davey (2004)

Compulsory Education
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) overruled by West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Conscientious Objectors
Clay v. United States (1971) Gillette v. United States (1971) In re Summers (1945) Johnson v. Robison (1974) United States v. Seeger (1965) Welsh v. United States (1970)

Direct/Indirect Burdens
Sherbert v. Verner (1963) Thomas v. Review Board (1981)

Distribution of Religious Literature
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943) Follett v. Town of McCormick (1944) Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equal. (1990) Jones v. City of Opelika (1942) overruled by Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Largent v. Texas (1943) Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943) Prince v. Massachusetts (1944) Tucker v. Texas (1946) United States v. Ballard (1944)

Employment Discrimination
Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Amos (1987) Employment Division v. Smith (1988) Frazee v. Illinois Dept. of Employment Security (1989) Hobbie v. Unemployment Commission (1987) Thomas v. Review Board (1981) Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)

Flag Salute
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

Government Benefits
Bowen v. Roy (1986) Employment Division v. Smith (1988) Employment Division v. Smith (II) (1990) Johnson v. Robison (1974) Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988)

Handbills/Leaflets/Pamphlets
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943) Jamison v. State of Texas (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (1942) overruled by Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943) Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)

Jehovah Witnesses
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943) Follett v. Town of McCormick (1944) Jones v. City of Opelika (1942) overruled by Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Largent v. Texas (1943) Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) overruled by West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943) Poulos v. New Hampshire (1953) Prince v. Massachusetts (1944) Thomas v. Review Board (1981) Tucker v. Texas (1946) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

Labor
Lyng v. International Union, UAW (1988) NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1979) Tony & Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor (1985)

Licenses to Conduct Religious Ceremonies
Poulos v. New Hampshire (1953)

Licenses/Permits for Sale of Religious Literature
Douglas v. City of Jeannette (1943) Follett v. Town of McCormick (1944) Jones v. City of Opelika (1942) overruled by Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) Largent v. Texas (1943) Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)

Mail Fraud
United States v. Ballard (1944)

Military
Clay v. United States (1971) Gillette v. United States (1971) Goldman v. Weinberger (1986) United States v. Seeger (1965) Welsh v. United States (1970)

Non-Discrimination
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) overruled by West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

Oaths (public office)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)

Parent/Guardian Rights
Prince v. Massachusetts (1944) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Pledge of Allegiance
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) overruled by West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

Polygamy
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. United States (1890) Davis v. Beason (1890) Reynolds v. United States (1878)

Preferred Position
Follett v. Town of McCormick (1944) Poulos v. New Hampshire (1953) Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)

Prisoners’ Rights
Cruz v. Beto (1972) O'Lone v. Shabazz (1987)

Public Colleges
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)

Public Office
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)

Public Schools
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) overruled by West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Freedom of Religion Board of Education v. Allen (1968)

Religious Discrimination
Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Amos (1987)

Religious Drug Use
Employment Division v. Smith (1988) Employment Division v. Smith (II) (1990)

Religious Fraud
United States v. Ballard (1944)

Religious Garb
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)

Religious Schools
NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1979)

Religious Tests
McDaniel v. Paty (1978) Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)

Ritual Sacrifices (of animals)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah (1993)

Sabbath Day
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor (1985) Frazee v. Illinois Dept. of Employment Security (1989) Hobbie v. Unemployment Commission (1987) McGowan v. Maryland (1961) Sherbert v. Verner (1963)

Sacred Sites
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988)

Schools
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940) overruled by West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1979) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Social Security Number Requirement
Bowen v. Roy (1986)

Social Security Taxes
United States v. Lee (1982)

Standing
Jones v. City of Opelika (1942) overruled by Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943) McGowan v. Maryland (1961) Welsh v. United States (1970)

Taxation and Tax Exemption
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) Jimmy Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equal. (1990) United States v. Lee (1982)

Unemployment Compensation
Employment Division v. Smith (1988) Employment Division v. Smith (II) (1990) Frazee v. Illinois Dept. of Employment Security (1989) Hobbie v. Unemployment Commission (1987) Sherbert v. Verner (1963) Thomas v. Review Board (1981)

Universities
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) Widmar v. Vincent (1981)

University Facilities
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)

Vouchers
Locke v. Davey (2004)

Welfare
Bowen v. Roy (1986) Lyng v. International Union, UAW (1988)

Zoning Laws
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)