User:Psych480Student/sandbox

Wikipedia Project: Category:Wikipedia Project

This is where you should be putting your content for Assignments 4 and 5. I gave you a proper Sandbox icon on your user page. (Which has not been properly formatted. J.R. Council (talk) 04:26, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

It was in the category Wikipedia Project above, but someone from Wikipedia moved it somewhere else because they said it is not allowed to be there. Psych480Student Psych480Student (talk) 18:32, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 4:

One problem with the current article on Discrimination Learning is that the article is too short and not detailed enough to give a full overview of the topic. Two Sources: Spence, K. W. (1936). The nature of discrimination learning in animals. Psychological Review, 43(5), 427-449. Frey, P. W. & Colliver, J. A. (1973). Sensitivity and responsivity measures for discrimination learning. Northwestern University, 4, 327-342 Two Questions: One question that I have is if we should delete the current information and start "fresh" or if we should add to the current information with our own information. How many pictures would you recommend an article having? Psych480Student Psych480Student (talk) 21:20, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * No! you never delete and article and write over it. You and edit to make it read better or correcdt mistakes, but write "around" what's there already, rather than write over it.
 * That's up to you. You need to be careful to use pictures that are in the public domain or that you have permission to use. I have posted information on illustrating aritcles in Wikipedia resources. J.R. Council (talk) 18:58, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 4:

A problem with the article on Discrimination Learning is the lack of credible sources. There simply needs to be more sources referenced to make this article more credible, reliable, and more knowledgeable. Two Sources: Franssen, M., Claes, N., Vervliet, B., Beckers, T., Hermans, D., & Baeyens, F. (2017). Reinstatement after human feature-positive discrimination learning. Behavioural Processes, 137, 73-83. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.01.007 George, D. N. (2018). Stimulus similarity affects patterning discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 44(2), 128-148. doi:10.1037/xan0000164 Two Questions: How many sections would a typical wikipedia article have on a topic such as this? Or is it more subjective and up to the writers?
 * There is no set number of sections. I think more sections, subsections, etc. are helpful in organizing the material. If you do a good outline, you will be generating sections that you can just fill in.

How much of the article should be based on humans and how much on animals/animal studies? Can both be included?
 * Discrimination learning applies to both human and nonhuman organisms. I think even very simple organisim such as fish and even paramecia are capable of making discriminations. Discuss both and relate to one another. J.R. Council (talk) 18:58, 12 October 2018 (UTC)

Sydneyhofmann (talk) 22:24, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

Assignment 5:

* Information describing the topic in general - S    * People associated with the topic - S     * Limitations -A * Situation * Learning * Separate areas that the topic is used for - S    * Studies associated with the topic -A * Cat Conditioning * Pavlov's Dogs * What is Discrimination Learning? * Definition - S    * Example - A        * Example: The rat choosing white over black in some locations * Background Information: * When was Discrimination Learning first used? - A          * Popular in the 1920's in the psychology of learning * Who were the first individuals to study Discrimination Learning? - S       * Influential people who have studied Discrimination Learning - S  * When is Discrimination Learning used? * More in-depth Examples/Studies of Discrimination Learning - A       * Conditioning with Animals * Rats, Cats, Dogs, etc.       * Conditioning with People * Different: ages, socioeconomic status, gender, etc.    * Different situations that Discrimination Learning is used in -A * Psychological Studies * "Real World" applications * What are the limitations of Discrimination Learning? * What Discrimination Learning cannot be used for - A       * Environment * Type of Participant (laws, rules, etc.) * What fields of academia use Discrimination Learning? * Different areas of psychology that use Discrimination Learning - S    * Discrimination Learning in everyday life - S Psych480Student (talk) 04:21, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Complete detailed background information on Discrimination learning
 * Detailed Outline:

*   *    *
 * References:

Sydneyhofmann (talk) 01:58, 13 October 2018 (UTC) *   *    *  Amsel, Abram (1995). "Kenneth Wartinbee Spence". Biographical Memoirs. 66: 335–351 Psych480Student (talk) 04:04, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * 

Assignment 6:
J.R. Council (talk) 20:10, 31 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I must be blunt about Psych480Student's lead. She not only has her facts wrong, she does not even have the proper format and information for a Wikipedia lead section.
 * 1) The name of the topic should start the first sentence. Sydney does this.
 * 2) The example given is just acquisition of a CR, not discrimination.
 * 3) The final few sentences are too vague to be informative.
 * Sydney's lead is better, and should be used as the basis of your final lead for Assignment 7. It still needs work, however.
 * 1) I think you need to establish right up front that the term 'discrimination learning' primarily refers to phenomena studied in classical and operant conditioning. It is one of the most basic forms of learning. Then briefly describe the differences between the two. E.g., in classical conditioning, the discrimination is learned when the CS is reinforced, while a similar stimulus presented in the same way is not reinforced. In operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus signals when an emitted behavior will be reinforced.

Dr. Council's feedback:
In psychology, Discrimination Learning is a process of learning to behave differently when given different, or unique, stimuli. Discrimination Learning was popular in Psychology in the area of Learning in the 1920's. Although, it is also used in many other parts of psychology.
 * Lead Section - Psych480Student

Discrimination Learning has been used by very prominent psychologists, including Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was famous for his study using "Classical Conditioning" and discrimination learning to condition salvation responses from dogs. Pavlov did this by ringing a bell before giving the dogs food, and eventually, the dogs would salivate when the bell was ringing.

Discrimination Learning can be used on multiple living things, including humans. It can also be used in many ways. It can be used in comparative psychology, cognitive psychology, the experimental analysis of behavior, developmental psychology, cross-cultural psychology, and mathematical psychology. There are many different situations where discrimination learning can be used as well as some limitations of this area of psychology as well.

Psych480Student (talk) 17:32, 29 October 2018 (UTC)Psych480Student

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Suggestions for Psych480Student's Lead Section from Sydneyhofmann * I think that the language used leans more towards the "fluffy" side, and I would like to see more notable information used to summarize the overall page. The bones of this lead section are good, but it is lacking excitement that will draw the reader in. I also think that the last paragraph could be made more concise as it appears to just run on without a clear goal. Overall - great start and I am excited to see more! :) Sydneyhofmann (talk) 02:20, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

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Lead Section - Sydneyhofmann

Discrimination Learning, in the field of psychology, is known as the ability of humans and animals to respond differently to different stimuli. This type of learning is considered to be more advanced than learning styles such as generalization. The complex nature of discrimination learning allows for psychologists and researchers to perform more in-depth research that aids in leading to psychological advancements regarding the way we learn and discriminate stimuli. Research on the basic principles underlying this learning style has their roots in neuropsychology sub-processes. Examples of early work can be found in studies regarding classical and operant conditioning.

Sydneyhofmann (talk) 23:25, 29 October 2018 (UTC) * I think that everything that you have so far sounds good. I would say that I think it should be a little longer to give a broader frame for us to fill with information, since the lead section is supposed to be a sort of summary of the article. I think it would be a good idea to give certain examples, such as why it is considered to be more advanced, so then we can refer back to those examples when we are writing the body of the article. I also would cite the sources used in the lead paragraph. Overall, I think it sounds great, I just want to hear more :-) Psych480Student (talk) 01:50, 30 October 2018 (UTC)Psych480Student
 * Suggestions for Sydneyhofmann from Psych480Student

Assignment 7

 * Re-writing the Lead Section Options:

Discrimination Learning is defined in psychology as the ability to respond differently to different stimuli. This type of learning is used in studies regarding operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning involves the modification of a behavior by means of reinforcement or punishment. In this way, a discriminative stimulus will act as an indicator to when a behavior will persist and when it will not. Classical conditioning involves learning through association when two stimuli are paired together repeatedly. This conditioning demonstrates discrimination through specific micro-instances of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. This phenomenon is considered to be more advanced than learning styles such as generalization and yet simultaneously acts as a basic unit to learning as a whole. The complex and fundamental nature of discrimination learning allows for psychologists and researchers to perform more in-depth research that supports psychological advancements. Research on the basic principles underlying this learning style has their roots in neuropsychology sub-processes.

Psych480Student (talk) 18:19, 9 November 2018 (UTC)Psych480Student Sydneyhofmann (talk) 05:37, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments
You've done a really nice job on this. There's a huge amount of information on this topic, so this could be a very long article. However, you can stick to the basics and still significantly improve the existing article. This lead has a good size and amount of detail for the basics. J.R. Council (talk) 07:08, 19 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I rewrote your first sentence to be more concise and eliminate the commas.
 * Add links to related topics mentioned in the lead, like operant conditioning.
 * If you haven't started already, please proceed to writing the main body of the article. Just flesh out the lead, and add additional information at the appropriate spots.
 * Be sure to break your article into its main parts, and add section and subsection titles to organize and make it easy for the reader to follow.

Comments on final draft

 * I have looked again at your final draft. Most of what was needed were reference citations. I see that some have been added, but it looks like you need more time to go through the rest of the article. Go ahead and continue to add in references.
 * I'm going to send the link to user:Ian (Wiki Ed) so he can comment on content.

J.R. Council (talk) 01:30, 3 December 2018 (UTC)

Draft of Final Page

=Discrimination Learning=

Discrimination Learning is defined in psychology as the ability to respond differently to different stimuli. This type of learning is used in studies regarding operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning involves the modification of a behavior by means of reinforcement or punishment. In this way, a discriminative stimulus will act as an indicator to when a behavior will persist and when it will not. Classical conditioning involves learning through association when two stimuli are paired together repeatedly. This conditioning demonstrates discrimination through specific micro-instances of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. This phenomenon is considered to be more advanced than learning styles such as generalization and yet simultaneously acts as a basic unit to learning as a whole. The complex and fundamental nature of discrimination learning allows for psychologists and researchers to perform more in-depth research that supports psychological advancements. Research on the basic principles underlying this learning style has their roots in neuropsychology sub-processes.

Historical Information
Karl Lashley, a psychologist who studied under John B. Watson, focused mainly on studying learning and discrimination. He published "Brain mechanisms and intelligence" in 1929. Lashey's research on Two-alternative forced choice gave a foundation of study to psychologists like Kenneth Spence. Kenneth Spence expanded on the knowledge we had on two-choice discrimination learning. He made two major publications on the subject, The Nature of Discrimination Learning in Animals in 1936 and Continuous Versus Non-continuous Interpretations of Discrimination Learning in 1940. Spence's research discussed the theory that applying excitation and inhibition to a stimulus and having the likelihood of responding to that stimulus be the result of the net excitation strength (excitation minus inhibition).

Ivan Pavlov is very influential when it comes to studying discrimination learning. His studies involving salivating dogs demonstrated an ability in the dogs to differentiate a stimulus that would elicit a reward and a stimulus that would not. This can be contrasted with the Little Albert studies where Albert's lack of discrimination between animals exhibited the psychological and learning phenomenon of generalization learning, which is discrimination learning's polar opposite.

Examples of Discrimination Learning
Discrimination learning can be studied in both humans and animals. Animals can use discrimination learning to help them survive, be trained for assisting humans in tasks, and much more. A dog might be trained to use discrimination learning to detect differences in complex odor compounds so that they are able to sniff out different drugs to assist police. Discrimination learning teaches us more about what animals are capable of conceptual thought. Humans can use discrimination learning to detect danger, learn about differences, and more. One example of discrimination learning in humans would be a baby who reacts differently to their mother's voice than to a stranger's voice.

Discovering different abilities of animals or humans who are unable to communicate. Discrimination Learning can be used to see what differences an animal will respond to. For example, since we are unable to have general two-way communication with dogs, we could show a dog two different stimuli that are the same in every way other than one, such as color. We could then use discrimination learning to see which colors a dog can discriminate between.

Famous Studies
Some famous studies using discrimination learning include:
 * Natural concepts in pigeons by Hernstein RJ, Loveland DH, Cable C. A study in 1976 found that discrimination learning will occur when the stimuli is realistic but unfamiliar in the study using pigeons and fish.
 * Watanabe study in 1995 found that pigeons are able to detect physical similarities during a study that was reinforcing monet paintings and not picasso paintings. 

Limitations
Discrimination learning has limitations. One limitation is the relative-validity effect. This effect states that organisms learn to give more attention to the stimuli that are of more importance to them. Another limitation is the blocking effect. This effect will occur if there is a discriminative stimulus, such as a cat hearing the sound of a bell ringing, that is presented by itself and then it is followed by a reinforcement, such as food for the cat. We would repeat this until the cat starts to salivate when the bell rings. If we then added a stimulus of a flash of light after the bell rings, and then followed it by a reinforcement (the cat food),it may result in little to no response to a second stimulus.

Applications
Discrimination learning is used almost every subfield of psychology as it is a basic form of learning that is at the core of human intelligence. Examples of this include but are not limited to, cognitive psychology, personality psychology, developmental psychology, etc.

Discrimination learning can be seen in everyday life. It is so functional and imperative to our daily routines and task that it very often can go unnoticed or recognized. Examples of use include, grocery shopping, determining how to decipher between the types of bread or fruit, and being able to tell similar stimuli apart, listening to your favorite music and hearing the different singers parts, or perhaps deciphering the different notes and chords being played.