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Chapter I

The Problem and Its Setting

Background of the Study

New York--- According to Lderer on 2008, the World Health Organization warned that the tobacco epidemic is growing and could claim 1 billion lives by the end of the century unless governments dramatically step up efforts to curb smoking. In its first comprehensive report on tobacco use in 179 countries, the U.N.'s health agency said governments collect more than US$200 billion in tobacco taxes every year but spend less than one fifth of 1 percent on that revenue on tobacco control programs that could prevent millions of deaths. In the Philippines, the DOH revealed that one of every three Filipino adults smokes. What smokers do not know is that tobacco can cause about twenty five life-threatening diseases, or groups of diseases, many of which can be prevented, delayed, or mitigated by smoking cessation. It is not surprising that tobacco-related diseases have been one of the major causes of death in the country. In fact, at least twenty thousand Filipinos die every year due to smoking-related diseases. This means that two mortality cases are recorded every hour due to tobacco. In 1999, as much as thirty four million people are found to be at risk for cancer and other tobacco-related diseases. What others disregard is the fact that tobacco leaves more harmful effects to nonsmokers. Involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of lung cancer and respiratory disease for nonsmokers. This is according to the Department Of Health. According to Tesiorna on 2006, The Davao City metropolis under the helm of Mayor Rody Duterte stands tall and high among progressive cities of the world on the anti-smoking ban in public places. It can do more and it should do no less. The debate over the health effects of smoking pits those who claim they have a right not to have to breathe secondhand smoke. The no smoking side has been winning important battles at the international, national, state and municipal levels. There were one hundred two cases of lung-related diseases in 2001 and eighty nine the following year recorded before the ordinance's implementation. Interestingly enough, after the implementation f the ordinance, instead of decreasing the incidence of lung-related diseases, it increased to one hundred thirteen in 2003 and one hundred seventeen in 2004. The city's anti-smoking ordinance makes it unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking to public utility vehicles, government-owned vehicles, or any other means of public transportation.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers are very specific in its purpose of study which is to know the effects of smoking. Indeed, the researchers strive to answer the following questions which are related to the topic. 1.How aware are the seminarians on the issues on smoking? 2.How dangerous is smoking to health? 3.How smoking is being treated as of now?

Review of Related Literature Smoking number one risk factor among Filipinos Despite all the scientific documentation on the hazards of smoking, more than one half of adult Filipinos still smoke. All the efforts of the DOH and the medical community are apparently no match to the power of cigarette advertising and promotions. Smoking is the most prevalent risk factor that accounts for the increasing incidence of deaths related to diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Smoking is the number one risk factor among Filipinos despite of all the documentation it may possibly bring to health. (Castillo, MD, 2005) DOST warns anew on dangers on smoking The Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-FNRI) has warned the public anew about the dangerous effects of smoking as the country continues to celebrate No Smoking month. The survey added that seven out of ten youths have parents who are active smokers. The law's main thrusts include the regulation and subsequent banning of all tobacco advertisements and sponsorships., regulation of the labeling of tobacco pro;ducts, and the ban on the sale of tobacco products to minors. DOST is planning to ban such advertisements and other promotions on tobacco. (Sabater, 2006) Why stop smoking? In depth studies have shown that although cutting down on smoking can be a helpful first step in giving up smoking, it does not really make any difference to the long term risk of dying from cardiovascular disease or smoking related cancers. That means that there can be no half measures for smoker. There is no measure for smokers even cutting down smoking. (Roces, 2008) Scary data on smoking Smoking causes almost one third of all cancer deaths in the world. Smokeless tobacco- 50 times worse than regular cigarettes. One dies of other smoking related illness every three minutes. All medical evidences available today make one thing absolutely clear. tobacco is a poison. It maims and kills. Smoking is low suicide that could end in a miserable death for the smoker and devastation for his/her family. Tobacco is a poison that maims and kills. (Chua, 2006) Cigarette smoking: killing you softly Today, the habit of smoking has become widespread, and hundreds of millions of people are now using tobacco in various forms. In recent years, however, most people in the industrialized countries like the United States have organized the hazards of smoking. Smoking is the well known recreational drug of various people. (Tacio, 2000) Effects of smoking According to Dorland's Pocket Medical Dictionary, nicotine is a very poisonous alkaloid, obtained from tobacco or produced synthetically, it is also being used as an agricultural insecticide and in veterinary medicine as an external parasiticide. Even if you do not smoke, just being around the people who are smoking can cause health problems. “Secondhand smoke” also called “side stream smoke” from someone else's cigarette can be just as dangerous as smoking itself. Nicotine is obtained from tobacco that can cause harmful effects to the side stream smokers. (Basilio, B.S.N., R.N., 2007) WHO, DOH raise alarm as more youths smoke Out of the four million young smokers, half are also exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes. Aiming to discouraged more youths from becoming full fledged smokers, health officials yesterday stepped up their campaign against smoking in celebration of the world No-Tobacco Day. Even losing 5 ½ minutes of life expectancy for a cigarette, many smokers continue to smoke. (Manongdo, 2008) Smoking is dangerous to your health Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death all over the world. If you are a regular smoker you are probably losing about five and one half minutes of life expectancy for each cigarette you smoke. Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. Yet, despite the vast medical evidence supporting such statistics, most heavy smoker continue to smoke. Health officials aim to discourage more youth from becoming a full-fledge smoker. (Dr. Sy, 2006) Tobacco wars: the final solution? The focus on tobacco control, according to WHO General Brundtland is being driven by increase awareness of tobacco-related economic and health costs. Tobacco is the only product, which when as intended, will kill one half of its consumers, said Brudtland, noting that half a billion people alive today will due from tobacco-related illnesses. Many people die from tobacco-related diseases. (Cruz, 2000) Tobacco could kill billion people this century According to the report, 74 countries still allow smoking in health care institutions and about the same number allow smoking in schools. More than half the centuries, with two thirds of the world population, allow smoking in government offices and working places, and only 20 of the 179 countries have complete bans of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. “The tobacco epidemic is growing --- it is shifting toward the developing countries, with tobacco use growing fastest in low--- income countries.” Chan told reporters. Majority of the countries are allowing smoking in schools, work places, and government places. (Lederer, 2008) Smoking--- everybody's health problem Tobacco is credited with causing cancer, but a deeper cause for a lung cancer and many other diseases of modern times may lie in modern commercial processing and refining of products. A Philippine Information Agency press release last week reported that three big tobacco buying firms urged farmers to plant early and recommended heavy application of commercial fertilizer to ensure the high quality of leaf production. Farmers are recommended to have a high quality of leaf production. (Roces, 2006) Second-hand smoke Second-hand smoke is the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers and the smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar or pipe. The smoke from the burning end of a cigarette has many harmful chemicals. It is more dangerous than directly inhaled smoke. It is harmful even when you cannot see or smell it. Second-hand smoke releases the same 4,000 chemicals as smoke that is directly inhaled but in even greater quantity. As a result, cigarettes are spewing second-hand smoke into the air for non-smokers to breathe. In addition to the suffering and loss caused by second-hand smoke-related deaths and the direct medical costs associated with long term illnesses, there are significant indirect costs related to the second-hand smoke. Even though you don't smoke, it doesn't mean that your off the hook. (Juaquin, 2006) Cigarettes kill more than drugs More people die of smoking than of drug use. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 1.3 billion tobacco smokers in the world., seven times more than the drug users. In the year 2000 alone, some 200,000 died of drug abuse, equivalent to 0.4 percent of all deaths worldwide. Tobacco, however, claimed 25 times as many lives or around 4.9 million in the same year, equivalent to 8.8 percent of all deaths. Tobacco invasion is now getting on top. (Flores, 20004) Deadliest drug in the world Smoking is not only hazardous to your health---it can be hazardous to your job prospect as well. Twice as many smokers are out of work as nonsmokers. Though few will admit it, most employers would reject a smoker competing for a job with an equally qualified nonsmoker. The hard facts consistently point to tobacco as the deadliest drug in the world. A couple of years ago, it killed more than 430,000 people---more than all who died from AIDS, street drugs, fires, car crashes, and homicides combined. It also kills thousands more involuntary smokers---persons forced to breathe secondhand smoke. Smoking is considered as the deadliest drug in the world that affects job prospects as well. (Ludington, 2002) Tobacco use highest among RP poor Cigarette smoking is highest among the country's poor, who spend more on tobacco than on clothing, education or even their own health, results of recent study showed. The study was conducted by the DOH, UP, Philippine College of Medical Researchers' Foundation Inc., Tobacco Free Initiative and the WHO. Tobacco also contributes to poverty since tobacco users are at higher risk of falling ill and die prematurely of cancers, heart attacks, respiratory diseases or other tobacco-related diseases, thus depriving families of much needed income and imposing additional health care costs. Poorest of the poor could easily spend more on tobacco than on their significant needs. (Flores, 2006) Prevalence of tobacco consumption While a more general measure of the prevalence of tobacco consumption (both smoked and smokeless) would be more ideal, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports "data limitations restrict the present indicator to smoked tobacco". Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption. As of 2000, smoking is practiced by 1.22 billion people. Assuming no change in prevalence it is predicted that 1.45 billion people will smoke in 2010 and 1.5 to 1.9 billion in 2025. Assuming that prevalence will decrease at 1% a year and that there will be a modest increase of income of 2%, it is predicted the number of smokers will stand at 1.3 billion in 2010 and 2025. Smoking is generally five times higher among men than women, however the gender gap declines with younger age. In developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and have begun to decline, however for women they continue to climb. As of 2002, about twenty percent of young teens (13–15) smoke worldwide. From which 80,000 to 100,000 children begin smoking every day—roughly half of which live in Asia. Half of those who begin smoking in adolescent years are projected to go on to smoke for 15 to 20 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world. In the developing world, however, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year as of 2002. The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally, from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed, and 4.9 million as of 2007. As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries. Many results have come as of the past years yet no one was able to scare people away of smoking. ( World Health Organization, 2009) Health effects of tobacco Tobacco-related diseases are some of the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as a result of smoking. The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female current smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman. Smoking one cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease that is halfway between that of a smoker and a non-smoker. The non-linear dose response relationship is explained by smoking's effect on platelet aggregation. Among the diseases and afflictions that can be caused by smoking are vascular steno sis, lung cancer, heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing the harmful long-term effects of smoking. Passive smoking, or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of smoking bans. This is a law enforced to stop individuals smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind this is to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, and to stop harmful smoke being present in enclosed public spaces. A common concern among legislators is to discourage smoking among minors and many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers. Many developing countries have not adopted anti-smoking policies, leading some to call for anti-smoking campaigns and further education to explain the negative effects of ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) in developing countries. Despite the many bans, European countries still hold 18 of the top 20 spots, and according to the ERC, a market research company, the heaviest smokers are from Greece, averaging 3,000 cigarettes per person in 2007. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults. The effects of addiction on society vary considerably between different substances that can be smoked and the indirect social problems that they cause, in great part because of the differences in legislation and the enforcement of narcotics legislation around the world. Though nicotine is a highly addictive drug, its effects on cognition are not as intense, noticeable or debilitating as cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines or any of the opiates. As tobacco is also not an illegal drug, there is no black market with high risks and high prices for consumers. Smoking is a significant AD risk factor. The health effects of tobacco are the circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health. (Greaves, 2002) Opposition of smoking There are two major strands to the tobacco control movement's arguments: firstly, that smoking is both offensive and harmful to non-smokers, and that they have a right not to be exposed to smokers' waste gases and debris secondly, that smoking is harmful to smokers' health, and that therefore children and teenagers should be prevented from starting to smoke smokers should be motivated to quit smoking for their own protection. Significant factors in the success of the tobacco control movement have been the mainstream acknowledgment that smoking is both addictive and aharmful to health, which has repositioned tobacco control advocacy in the public mind and challenged the previous social consensus that smoking was a harmless and even beneficial habit. In particular, awareness of the health risks of passive of smoking shifted the debate from the rights of smokers to the rights of non-smokers. After centuries of smoking being seen as normal behavior, and in spite of massive opposition from the toabacco industry, the tobacco control movement has slowly achieved increasing success in a number of countries, with numerous jurisdictions having passed laws to forbid smoking in enclosed public spaces, and government support in some countries for tobacco control campaigns as part of their public health initiatives. Political opposition to smoking was a logical step after the public was made aware of the health concerns associated with the product. This took many forms, but most notably began in Minnesota in the mid 1970s. Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act of 1975: An act that was passed that set the bar for anti-smoking legislation in other states. This act required that institutions and companies allot space for smokers and non-smokers inside their facilities. It was the first step for the movement toward a separation between smokers and non-smokers in the United States. After the victory in Minnesota, the movement continued to fight against the big businesses. Minnesota would become a main player in early opposition. Following suit after Minnesota were other states. Tobacco became a national governmental issue. The war against tobacco has continued between the big business industries and the opposition to tobacco sales and consumption. This war began when tobacco was labeled a health concern, and still continues today. The debate has taken place in the political arena, beginning with the concerns for America’s youth. Advertising became geared toward the nations youth (see Advertising below). In 1992, legislation was passed that increased the penalties for selling tobacco products to minors and the punishment was made more harsh for underage consumption of tobacco products. This was a victory for the Tobacco Control Movement. Following that victory, the movement intended to enact a licensing bill, which would require those who were planning on selling tobacco products to obtain a license. Under that bill, the tobacco businesses that violated the terms of the license would be fined and that money would go toward stricter reinforcement. This license contract never went through. (P.L. Berger,1991)

Significance of the Study With the rising incidence of smoking-related diseases in the Philippines, experts are raising the alarm for the country's as million smokers to quit smoking. New research proves that nicotine addiction is a medical condition that willpower alone cannot treat. In fact, it has now been proven that smoking is a challenge that needs professional medical help to overcome. As such, doctors now play a major role in providing effective cessation treatment, involving not just medication but counsellings as well. According to the Department of Health, smoking is the major contributor of deaths from coronary arterial disease and cardiovascular disease in the Philippines. Research indicates that smoking of cessation reduces the morality rate for cardiovascular diseases by 36 percent. The researchers want this study to be echoed to the people who are thoroughly engaged on smoking, for them to be aware to the effects and end points of continuing the habit of smoking. This study is also helpful for the young men and women to stop smoking. The parents also are one of the targets of this study because the researchers would like them to help of how to avoid and escape of this recreational drug so that it will never be utilized by others on the nest generation. Definition of Terms 1.Effects. In general: That which is produced by an agent or cause; the event which follows immediately from an antecedent, called the cause; result; consequence; outcome; fruit; as, the effect of luxury. 2.Health. The state of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain. 3.Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Casual smoking is the act of smoking only occasionally, usually in a social situation or to relieve stress. A smoking habit is a physical addiction to tobacco products. Many health experts now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, too, and one with serious health consequences. 4.Smoke. The vaporous system made up of small particles of carbonaceous matter in the air, resulting mainly from the burning of organic material, such as wood or coal. 5.Tobacco. An American plant ({Nicotiana Tabacum}) of the Nightshade family, much used for smoking and chewing, and as snuff. As a medicine, it is narcotic, emetic, and cathartic. Tobacco has a strong, peculiar smell, and an acrid taste. Chapter II Method This chapter discusses the research method used which comprises the research design, research subjects, research instruments used in the study, data gathering, procedures and data analysis. Research Design The descriptive comparative method was used in this study. Descriptive comparative research inducted group of seminarians who had and who have not experienced the effects of smoking. This study used descriptive research method using the questionnaire. Research Subjects Respondents Population Sample 1st Year 37 5 2nd Year 37 5 3rd Year 16 5 4th Year 24 5 Total 114 20

The respondents were randomly selected by the researchers. Five were coming from the first year seminarians, five from the second year seminarians, five from the third year seminarians and five from the fourth year seminarians. Research Instruments Each selected respondents of this study were given a task to answer sincerely the questionnaire provided for this topic. It was used in the form of checklist and rating scaled in order to accumulate the information easily. Data Gathering Procedure To make this research work “The Effects of Smoking” possible, the researchers make used of the descriptive survey. The researchers conducted the survey last February 26, 2010 at around 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm in Saint Francis Xavier College Seminary. The researchers have surveyed ten clientèles and all of them are seminarians. We have successfully retrieve all the questionnaires. In making this research work specifically the collection of data, our English 2 teacher, Mrs Bernadeth Vitor had given us information on the different contents in making our research paper. She motivated us to make used of the different library resources such as books, journals and dictionaries. The use of internet was highly recommended by her. The researchers believe that through the use of these methods, the researchers will come up with the full detailed and successful research work.

Data Analysis Computation of percentage were undertaken by the researchers from the data that is being gathered. Afterwards, the results had appeared and were used to analyze the data that is gathered. The researchers had a tabular presentation of the result in order to make clear explanations and analysis followed the results which are also presented.

Chapter III Presentation and Analysis of Findings Table 1. Distribution of the clienteles about their knowledge of the effects of smoking. Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 18 18 No 2 2 Total 20 20

Table 1 shows that 18 persons answered yes and 2 for no. It means that many are aware of the effects of smoking. Table 2. Engagement of clienteles on smoking. Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 8 8 No 12 12 Total 20 20

Table 2 shows that 8 persons answered yes and 12 for no. It means that there are great number of seminarians who are not involved on smoking. Table 3. benefits out of smoking Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 4 4 No 16 16 Total 20 20

Table 3 shows that 4 persons answered yes and 16 for no. Many say that there are no benefits out of smoking. Table 4. The danger of smoking Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 18 18 No 2 2 Total 20 20

Table 4 shows that 18 persons answered yes and 2 for no. For too many years have passed, many would still agree that smoking is dangerous to health of every individuals.

Table 5. Heart lift when smoking Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 3 3 No 17 17 Total 20 20

Table 5 shows that 3 persons answered yes and 17 for no. When a person smokes, no heart lift had been felt even when they are fond of it.

Table 6. Knowledge of the deadliest drug in the world Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 6 6 No 14 14 Total 20 20

Table 6 shows that 6 answered yes and 14 for no. Many are ignorant of the deadliest drug in the world and of the leading cause of death. Table 7. Knowledge of anti-movements Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 7 7 No 13 13 Total 20 20

Table 7 shows that 7 persons answered yes and 13 for no. Many have not known of the anti-movements on smoking.

Table 8. Prohibition of smoking Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 10 10 No 10 10 Total 20 20

Table 8 shows that 10 answered yes and 10 for no. This table has an equal prohibition to individuals.

Table 9. Laws against smoking Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 14 14 No 6 6 Total 20 20

Table 9 shows that 14 answered yes and 6 for no. It means that many have affirmed and wanted to have a law against smoking.

Table 10. Agreement on smoking advertisements Options Number of Clienteles Total Yes 6 6 No 14 14 Total 20 20

Table 10 shows that 6 answered yes and 14 for no. Many have opposed on smoking advertisements and sponsorships.

Table 11. Summary of tables on previous pages Questions Yes Percentage No Percentage Total 1 18 90% 2 10% 20 2 8 40% 12 60% 20 3 4 20% 16 80% 20 4 17 85% 3 15% 20 5 3 15% 17 85% 20 6 6 30% 14 70% 20 7 7 35% 13 65% 20 8 10 50% 10 50% 20 9 13 65% 7 35% 20 10 6 30% 14 70% 20 Total 92 46% 108 54% 200

Table 11 repeats the summary of all the tables presented in the previous pages. Question 1 states that 90% of 20 clientèles had known the effects of smoking. Question 2 states that 60% were not involved on smoking. Question 3 states that 80% said that there were no benefits out of smoking. Question 4 states that 85% were aware of the danger of smoking to health. Question 5 states that 85% could not feel a heart lift when they smoke. Question 6 states that 70% did not know that smoking is the deadliest drug in the world. Question 7 states that 65% did not know an anti-movements on smoking. Question 8 states that 50% were strictly prohibited on smoking. Question 9 states that 65% wanted to have a law against smoking. Question 10 states that 70% do not agree on smoking advertisements. This summary table shows that 46% had answered yes and 54% had answered for no. It means that there is still hope for the nation to totally conquer the hazards that smoking will bring.

Chapter IV Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary Study shows that many have known the effects of smoking even though some of the respondents are not thoroughly involved on it. There are no benefits out of smoking as the respondents responded. Smoking is also dangerous among seminarians who answered the survey questionnaire. Smoking as the leading disease and the deadliest drug in the world is not that common to seminarians. In fact, seminarians do not know that there are anti-movements on smoking to ensure the life of individuals. Many have said that smoking is strictly prohibited to them and they want to have a law against smoking especially the banning of smoking advertisements and sponsorship.

Conclusion The researchers therefore conclude that Diocesan seminarians are not truly engaged on smoking yet have known its effect on the body and to health. Seminarians are very aware that no benefits out of smoking and it is very dangerous to health. Majority of them are not used of smoking yet they assured that even when they smoke, they will not feel a heart lift on it. Seminarians are not aware that smoking is the deadliest drug in the world compared to other forms of drugs. They do not know also that there are some existing anti-movements on smoking to control the use of smoking. Smoking is prohibited also to them especially while living here in the seminary. Moreover, seminarians would not agree on smoking advertisement and sponsorship that would cause familiarity on smoking to the people especially to the young ones.

Recommendation For the basis of the forgoing concussions and findings of this research work, we the researchers find that we should have to improve our research work. For this reason, we come up of this following recommendations: 1.Symposium must be conducted on every schools and universities that will definitely talk about the issue on smoking. 2.Doctors should willfully lend their time to give the individuals some warnings and precaution about smoking.