User:QMcC/sandbox

SACCOPHARYNGIFORMES

Pelican Eel Page:

1. Added a citation in the feeding section, and a sentence about the feeding mechanism using: Nielsen, Jørgen G.; E. Bertelsen; Åse Jespersen (September 1989). "The Biology of Eurypharynx pelecanoides (Pisces, Eurypharyngidae)"

2. Added citation about aglomerular kidney and information about what it may have implications in (swim bladder like function in gelatinous filled lymphatic spaces): Ozaka, C., Yamamoto, N., Nielsen, J.G. et al. (2011). The aglomerular kidney of the deep-sea gulper eel Saccopharynx ampullaceus (Saccopharyngiformes: Saccopharyngidae). Ichthyological Research. Volume 58(4). pp297-pp301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-011-0227-1

3. From: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23 : In eupharyngidae and saccopharyngidae the jaws end behind the cranium (anatomy), which leads to a different mechanism of opening the jaw than in monognathidae. Is this information worth adding?? In general this source has a lot of anatomical information, is this sort of stuff beneficial to the saccopharyngiformes page?

adding: "The three established suborders of Saccopharyngoidei (Eupharyngidae, Monognathidae, Saccopharyngidae) all exhibit sexual dimorphism" (from: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23). Add a link to the sexual dimorphism page?

add: "The pelican eel and the bobtail eel do not undergo vertical diurnal migration" (from:https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/56/4/524/2198244)

SAMEER:

4. Thinking of changing up the structure of the Pelican Eel page. Instead of the "Importance to Humans" section, I was thinking that it would be better if we renamed the section to "Human Interactions" and mentioning the most recent encounters.

Add: In October of 2018, the first direct observation of a gulper eel was made by a group of researchers about 1500 kilometers off the coast of Portugal near the islands of the Azores. The team witnessed the aggressive nature of the eel's hunting process, as it was constantly moving around in the water to attempt to find prey. (from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/first-direct-observation-hunting-pelican-eel-reveals-bizarre-fish-inflatable-head)

Add: In September of 2018, the E/V Nautilus team also witnessed a juvenile gulper eel inflating its mouth in attempt to catch prey in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM). (from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/gulper-eel-video-deep-sea-fish-nautilus-news/#close)

Add: Until recent explorations, not much has been analyzed by researchers of the behavior of gulper eels.

5. Previously added: "Recent studies have showed that Pelican eels are active participants in their pursuit of food, rather than passively waiting for prey to fall into their large mouths." to the "Diet" section. (from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/first-direct-observation-hunting-pelican-eel-reveals-bizarre-fish-inflatable-head)

6. Maybe add a video from youtube of the eel? I looked it up and I'm not sure how to do it but that would be cool.

7. Removed the subsection of "Synonymy" and added that sentence to the introduction paragraph.

8. Removed a duplicate source that must have accidentally been added.

9. Added: "In fact, its jaw is so large that it is estimated to be about a quarter of the total length of the eel itself" in Diet.

10. Added: "The colors on its tail are displayed through its light-emitting photophores" in description.https://www.ourbreathingplanet.com/gulper-eel/

11. Added: "Another interesting fact is that the pelican eel does not appear to display sexual dimorphism" in description. https://www.ourbreathingplanet.com/gulper-eel/

12. Added: "More recently, pelican eels have been spotted off the coast of Portugal, as well as near Hawaiian islands." in Distribution and Habitat.

13. Added: "Similar to other eels, when pelican eels are first born, they start in the leptocephalus stage, meaning that they are extremely thin and transparent. Until they reach their juvenile stage, they interestingly have very tiny body organs and do not contain any red blood cells." in reproduction and life cycle. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/rattray_mari/life_historyreproduction.htm

Monognathidae

adding: "This family is found in all oceans" (found: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23)

adding: "These animals are virtually blind, with rudimentary eyes and small olfactory organs, although the male olfactory organs are enlarged, perhaps suggesting a method of "sniffing out" a mate" (found: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23).

Add a new page for Monognathus boehlkei, or just adding information below the species name within the monognathus page?

New Page Plan:

-Intro: "Monognathus boehlkei is a deep-sea eel-like organism inhabiting all oceans at depths up to 2,000 meters. Little has been described of these species."

-Description: "Monognathus boehlkei is charachterized by a distintive, high number of anal fin rays and a short, blunt head with a straight lower jaw. They are un-pigmented or transparent, with five or six spots of pigment along the body. They are sized at around 55-70 millimeters in length" (from: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23).

-Distritbution: "Monognathus boehlkei is found mainly in the eastern and western Atlantic oceans" (from: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23).

Eurypharyngidae

Adding to Distribution: "One canadian-arctic specimen was found in Davis Strait at a depth of 1,136-1,154 meters, and also across the coasts of Greenland" (from: www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1x76h0b.38)

Maybe add in that they are hard to describe accurately because they are often so fragile that they become damaged when brought to the surface?

(www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1x76h0b.38)

Maybe add in that the lunge feeding style is similar to that of pelican birds/rorqual whales? https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08900

Saccopharyngidae

adding: "This family is known to inhabit the eastern and western Atlantic oceans, and the gulf stream" (found: www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbcd0dm.23) Neocyematidae: newly created, linked in Saccopharyngiformes (from: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199982 and  10.1656/045.016.n308)

This family, established from five described adult specimens of the species Neocyema erythrosoma, was originally thought to be a part of the family Cyematidae, until recent genomic sequencing refuted this relationship.

Description: Neocyema is known for its vivid orange color and paedomorphic life cycle. One distinguishing feature of this group are the semi-extended jaws, which separate it from Cyematidae. The eyes of the adult form are reduced during the transition from larvae to adulthood, indicating a likelihood of blindness. The larval stage displays no black colorings, in contrast to the larval stages of other saccopharygiformes, and look similar to the orders of Eupharynx and Saccopharynx, whereas the adult stage more resembles Cyema.

Distribution: Neocyema erythrosoma has currently only been observed in the North and South Atlantic ocean, but its larvae have been discovered in the Sargasso Sea.