User:Qoou.Anonimu/APWH/1750-1914/JD

Habsburg Notes

Bulliet:

-Charles V was part of the Habsburg dynasty

-Part of the purpose was to serve as the Holy Roman Emporers

-Charles hope was to centralize imperial power and to lead a Christian coalition to halt the advance of ottomans into southeastern Europe.

-He succeeded at the gates of Vienna in 1529

-Charles beat Francis 1 of France in an election for the Holy Roman Emperor

- RELIGIOUS POLITICS

WIKI

Their principal roles were as:

* German Kings (several centuries to 1806), mostly also as   * Holy Roman Emperors, and * Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 1282–1453, Archdukes 1453–1804, and Emperors 1804–1918), * Kings of Bohemia (1306, 1437–1457 1526–1918), * Kings of Hungary (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1526–1918), * Kings of Croatia (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1527–1918), * Kings of Spain (1516–1700), * Kings of Portugal (1580–1640), * Kings of Galizia and Lodomeria (1772–1918), and * Grand Princes of Transylvania (1690–1918). * Grand Dukes of Tuscany (1737–1801; 1814–1860). * Archdukes of Austria-Este {1771}.

Other crowns held briefly by the House included:

* King-consort of England (1554–1558) * Dukes of Parma (1814–1847) * Dukes of Modena (1814–1859) * Emperor of Mexico (1864–1867)

Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above.

the dynasty's members were frequently elected to be the "Emperor of the Romans", who nominally led the far flung, fragmented and factional states of the Holy Roman Empire, including the roughly 1800 states of the Germanies.

Armesto:

Habsburg had a great sense of Nationalism

Imperialism

mperialism is found in the ancient histories of Rome, Greece, the Persian Empire, China, the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, India, Egypt, Africa, the Aztec empire, and many other areas. (IS)

Although the practice has existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of Imperialism" refers to the Scramble for Africa, along with the Scramble for India. The term 'Imperialism' was coined in the sixteenth century, [11] reflecting the imperial policies of Spain, Portugal, Britain, France, and the Netherlands into Africa, and the Americas (IS)

European dominance of the east through economic exploitation and political rule, (as distinct from the word colonialism, which usually implied establishment of settler colonies often with slavery as the labor system), the word was coined in the mid-nineteenth century. (IS)

Per Lenin, Imperialism is Capitalism, with five simultaneous features:

(1) Concentration of production and capital led to the creation of national and multinational monopolies — not as in liberal economics, but as de facto power over their markets — while "free competition" remains the domain of local and niche markets:

Free competition is the basic feature of capitalism, and of commodity production generally; monopoly is the exact opposite of free competition, but we have seen the latter being transformed into monopoly before our eyes, creating large-scale industry and forcing out small industry, replacing large-scale by still larger-scale industry, and carrying concentration of production and capital to the point where out of it has grown and is growing monopoly: cartels, syndicates and trusts, and merging with them, the capital of a dozen or so banks, which manipulate thousands of millions. At the same time the monopolies, which have grown out of free competition, do not eliminate the latter, but exist above it and alongside it, and thereby give rise to a number of very acute, intense antagonisms, frictions and conflicts. Monopoly is the transition from capitalism to a higher system. (Ch. VII)

[Following Marx's value theory, Lenin saw monopoly capitalism limited by the law of falling profit, as the ratio of constant capital to variable capital increased. Per Marx, only living labour (variable capital) creates profit in the form of surplus-value. As the ratio of surplus value to the sum of constant and variable capital falls, so does the rate of profit on invested capital.]

(2) Finance capital replaces industrial capital (the dominant capital), (reiterating Rudolf Hilferding's point in Finance Capital), as industrial capitalists rely more upon bank-generated finance capital.

(3) Finance capital exportation replaces the exportation of goods (though they continue in production);

(4) The economic division of the world, by multi-national enterprises via international cartels; and

(5) The political division of the world by the great powers, wherein exporting finance capital to their colonies allows their exploitation for resources and continued investment. This superexploitation of poor countries allows the capitalist industrial nations to keep some of their own workers content with slightly higher living standards. (cf. labor aristocracy; globalization)

Claiming to be Leninist, the U.S.S.R. proclaimed itself foremost enemy of imperialism, supporting armed, national independence movements in the Third World while simultaneously dominating Eastern Europe. Marxists and Maoists to the left of Trotsky, such as Tony Cliff, claim the Soviet Union was imperialist. Maoists claim it occurred after Khrushchev's ascension in 1956; Cliff says it occurred under Stalin in the 1940s. Harry Magdoff's Age of Imperialism (1954) discusses Marxism and imperialism. Currently, Marxists view globalization as imperialism's latest incarnation.[citation needed]

Lenin's theory of imperialism has been critiqued by many scholars. One problem with Lenin's theory concerns the measured volumes of trade and capital flow among European capitalist societies and between European capitalist societies and poor Third World societies. European capitalist systems since the nineteenth century have always done the vast bulk of their trading among themselves, with a relative sliver of trade and capital flow going out to non-developed socities in comparison with trade and capital flow within the great European systems.

Lenin's theory also contradicted Marx's doctrine of the reserved army of the unemployed, which held that capitalism, for systemic reasons, cannot generate enough capital to employ all who want to work. Lenin failed to see the contradiction, between the claim that capitalism builds up so much capital that it must send the excess overseas to "exploit" less developed societies, and the claim that capitalism cannot generate enough capital to sustain full employment. Lenin's theory of imperialism is now so discredited that few serious scholars trained in mainstream economic theory would endorse it.

(IS)