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Glycolysis
Glycolysis, which means “sugar splitting,” is the initial process in the cellular respiration pathway. Glycolysis can be either an aerobic or anaerobic process. When oxygen is present then glycolysis will continue along the aerobic respiration pathway. If oxygen is not present, then ATP production will be restricted to anaerobic respiration. The location where glycolysis, aerobic or anaerobic, occurs is in the cytosol of the cell. In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is split into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvate. These carbon molecules will be oxidized to form NADH and ATP. In order for the glucose molecule to be oxidized into pyruvate, an investment of ATP is required. This is known as the investment phase, in which a total of two ATP molecules are used up. At the end of the process, the total yield of ATP is four molecules, but the net gain is two ATP molecules.