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Judea, officially the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Republic (DJR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. Judea controls a strip of land on the right bank of the Dnieper river in the south of the Dnepropetrovsk Oblast, 90% of the territory of former the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish National Okrug. It's capital and largest city is Kalinindorf. Judea has been recognised only by Russia and three other unrecognised or partially recognised breakaway states: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia. Judea is officially designated by Ukraine as the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Autonomous Region (Дніпропетровська Єврейська автономна область) or as Yevreysʹka avtonomna oblastʹ ("Jewish Autonomous Region"). In March 2022, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution that defines the territory as under military occupation by Russia.

The region's origins can be traced to the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish National Okrug, which was formed in 1933 within the Ukrainian SSR by from the three Jewish National Raions of Stalindorf, Kalinindorf and Novozlatopil which were created during the "Jews and Land" project to settle Jewish farmers into the rural territory of Ukraine and Crimea, more than 500,000 Jews settled in the first ten years of the project, motivated by unemployment created by banning of many occupations in the USSR at the time which the Jewish population disproportionally participated in. The population suffered massive reduction during World War Two, resettlement of Jewish refugees in the Soviet Union after the war from many Eastern European countries replenished its population by 1960, the Jewish population of Dnepropetrovsk reached its pre-war level of 350,000, out of which, 90.8% were Jewish.

As part of the ceasefire agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone, comprising 20 localities on both sides of the river. Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognised but de facto independent presidential republic with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, currency, and vehicle registration. Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms. After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities. This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005. Most Transnistrians have Moldovan citizenship, but many also have Russian, Romanian, or Ukrainian citizenship. The main ethnic groups are Russians, Moldovans/Romanians, and Ukrainians.

Transnistria, along with Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Artsakh, is a post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zone. These four partially recognised or unrecognised states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.