User:Quercusfanatic/sandbox

I am going to be adding this paragraph to the wiki page: Mast (botany) - Wikipedia

I could not seem to find a way to start a new sandbox and did not know if I could delete week 4's work, so I left it below. Thanks, !

WEEK 5 below

CULTURE:

Tree mast was not only important as a food staple for wildlife, but also for peoples around the world, both in prehistoric and contemporary times. Balanocultures, which are cultures that had mast as a staple food source, have lead to some of the most successful cultures in history. It has even been postulated that the transition from hunting and gathering to balanoculture may have been responsible for the the transition of nomadic hunter-gatherer society, to a sedentary hunter-gatherer society. The importance of tree mast to human cultures has been recorded back into antiquity, and is also evident in the archeological record. This evidence comes from the Americas, China, Korea, and Europe, but we can assume that anywhere mast species exist, cultures may have consumed them. In Europe, in the first century AD, Strabo mentions that Iberians would process tree mast, specifically acorns into flour, to make bread. However, there was a view of eating mast that Herodotus describes as being part of a "primitive" diet. He notes that when the Spartans consulted the Oracle of Delphi regarding if they should attempt to challenge the Arcadians, she referred to them as "acorn eaters". This falls in line with a European view of viewing acorns as a "primitive food" Acorns were also also important to European and Asain cultures by feeding mast to pigs. Pork was an important food source to peoples across the Northern Hemisphere, and mast was the most important food source for these livestock. Although not as important as in the past, mast still holds some significance today as an emergency food source in industrial society.

REFERENCES:

1. Mast (botany) - Wikipedia

2. Logan, William Bryant. Oak: the frame of civilization. WW Norton & Company, 2005.

3. Bainbridge, David A. "The rise of agriculture: a new perspective." Ambio (1985): 148-151.

4.Maraschi, Andrea. "The Seed of Hope: Acorns from Famine Food to Delicacy in European History." In Seeds: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2018, vol. 1918. Oxford Food Symposium, 2019.

6.Parsons, James J. "The acorn-hog economy of the oak woodlands of southwestern Spain." Geographical Review 52, no. 2 (1962): 211-235.

NOTE: What I did was add in a paragraph, The page did not mention the significance of mast to humans, and I thought that was an important detail to include. I also added a references sections for my paragraph.

WEEK 4 WORK BELOW

Quoting Wikipedia "Hickory" page:Hickory - Wikipedia

"For other uses, see Hickory (disambiguation).

"Carya" redirects here. For the archaic nut-tree goddess, see Caryatis. For the walnut tree nymph in Greek mythology, see Hamadryad. For the other mythical figure of that name, see Carya (daughter of Dion). For the town of ancient Arcadia, Greece, see Carya (Arcadia).

Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, which includes around 18 species. Five or six species are native to China, Indochina, and India (Assam), as many as twelve are native to the United States, four are found in Mexico, and two to four are native to Canada. A number of hickory species are used for products like edible nuts or wood.

Hickories are temperate forest trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) diameter, enclosed in a four-valved husk, which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, and thin in a few, notably the pecan (C. illinoinensis); it is divided into two halves, which split apart when the seed germinates."

Edit summary:

'''Above is the original excerpt I will be editing. I decided to change the grammar and added a couple words that made the paragraph more complete and relevant. I also added a citation from a reputable journal article. I also added that Hickory is in the family, Juglandaceae, and added an active link to the family wiki page. The original paragraph went into specifics about the nations the plant is found in, but I could not find a citation for these, so I used a citation that confirmed the continents Carya is found in. This agreed with the original writing, but was just less specific. Better to be more general that wrong. Here are my edit/changes:'''

Quoting Wikipedia "Hickory" page:

"For other uses, see Hickory (disambiguation).

"Carya" redirects here. For the archaic nut-tree goddess, see Caryatis. For the walnut tree nymph in Greek mythology, see Hamadryad. For the other mythical figure of that name, see Carya (daughter of Dion). For the town of ancient Arcadia, Greece, see Carya (Arcadia).

Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, in the family, Juglandaceae, in the order Fagales. The Carya includes 17 species divided into 3 sections:Apocarya or the pecan hickories, Carya or the true hickories, ,and Sinocarya, the Asian hickories. Carya is found across North America and Asia. Hickory trees are an important natural resource, supplying people with high quality, shock and rot resistant wood, and sought after nuts that taste good and are nutritious. Hickory species are also under continuous research to breed more economical cultivars.

Hickories are temperate forest trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible. The fruit is a globose or an oval nut, 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) diameter, enclosed in a four-valved husk, which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and rigid in most species, and thin in a few, notably the pecan (C. illinoinensis) and its close relative, Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis). it is divided into four, which split apart when the seed germinates.

References

Wang, Xinwang, Warren Chatwin, Angelyn Hilton, and Keith Kubenka. "Genetic diversity revealed by microsatellites in genus Carya." Forests 13, no. 2 (2022): 188.

Manos, Paul S., and Donald E. Stone. "Evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of the Juglandaceae." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (2001): 231-269.