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=Adelaide Hills Wine Region = Adelaide Hills Wine Region is a wine-producing area with grapes from Mount Lofty in South Australia. This wine region is close to downtown Adelaide. Its vineyards’ altitudes range from 149 to 714 metres and the total area occupies approximately 3052ha. With owning 48 cellar doors and more than 90 wine labels, it has a frame in its wine flavour, outdoor scenery and viticulture. This region owns a cool climate in Australia which leads to the long maturity period contributing to high acidity, vitality and more potential for ageing. It is suitable for the growth of both red grapes and white grapes. (n.d, 2019) This region is famous for its Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Hepino Pinot and the sparkling wine made by traditional champagne method. The first grape in Adelaide hills is from European vine cuttings.

The Adelaide Hills means a registered Geographic Indication as well other than just a name of one region. A series of highly regarded wines made from Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Hepino Pinot lifted the fame of the entire Adelaide Hills wine region. In 2005, benefited by 7 winemakers evaluated 5 stars, Adelaide Hills started to be recognised. 

Since the 1970s, it has become a gathering place for winemakers in the mood for producing European style wines. In December 2019, bushfire destroyed 1/3 areas of Adelaide Hills wine region and they have been still being rebuilt up to May 2020. (Kurmelovs, 2019)

History
In 1802, Mount Lofty, the peak of Adelaide Hills is named by Matthew Flinders (Kenneth, 2016)

In 1836 Colonel William Light determined Adelaide as the capital of the colony to settle and designed the layout of its streets and city squares. At that moment, Adelaide was considered an autonomous and relatively safe colony. Under such circumstances, wave after wave of British businesspeople and farmers were attracted to come to make fortune and lead a new life here. And meanwhile, John Barton Hack used European vine to plant the first vineyard of South Australian. (Gill, 1911)

After 1842 other hills vineyards followed, such as Grange by Christopher Rawson Penfold and Holmesdale by Harry Dove Young. (n.d., 1998)

In the early 1900s, many wineries went bankrupt due to the removal of Imperial Preference and after that, this region was used for fruit and vegetable growing and dairying for nearly 50 years. (Anderson, 2015)

In the 1970s, its characteristic climate was discovered again and there was a revival of European style wine to be produced in Adelaide Hills.

Geography and Climate
Adelaide Hills wine region is at 34 Degrees South Latitude and owns a special terroir, which is the reason why other areas cannot reproduce this distinctive style and flavour. For an instant, benefited from the cooler climate and the growth environment under the Adelaide Hills, the Sauvignon Blanc in this area has a high ranking. (Easingwood, Lockshin, & Spawton, 2011)

Climate
Adelaide Hills Wine Region owns a cooler climate which makes it stand out from other South Australian wine regions and spearhead evolution. (Wines of South Australia, 2014)

In South Australia, climatic factors strongly modulated the composition of grape juices originating in different areas. The ripening dates and concentrations of compounds vary from the different levels of high alcohols, α-terpineol, 1- Hexanol and monoterpenoids linalool. The desirable monoterpenoids and esters in grapes are related to cooler areas and the wines produced in warmer regions have higher levels of the high alcohols. (Gambetta, Jeffery, Bastian, & Cozzolino, 2016) In the cooler vineyards, grapes will ripe slowly and the higher acid level of wine will ferment the wine more gracefully. The final wine flavours are fragrant and perfumed. (Adelaide Hills Wine | Viticulture | South Australia., n.d.)

Soil
Soils in this region are predominantly loamy sands in brown colour and some sandy soils, which are generally acidic. Soil composition affects the contents of Zinc (Zn), Potassium (K) and Magnesium (Mg) in the fermentation of the grape juice. Finally, the concentration and taste of products are distinctive. Most of the soils in the Adelaide Hills wine region are appropriate for early ripening grape varieties

The topography and altitude vary in different areas from steep slopes to undulating hills between 149 metres and 714 metres, which causes soil depth also varies. The slope will affect the solar radiation load in grapes and soil influences the water household of different parts of the vineyards. The shallow stony soils on the top of hills allow well-drained stony to do better vigour control, while the relatively deep peat-like clays at the bottom of hills supply more potential vigour to variable grapes.

(Zsolt, Erika, Denis, & Borbála, 2011)

Grape varieties and Viticulture
There are three kinds of famous grape varieties in this region which are Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Pinot Noir. The terrain of undulations and folds contributes a large scale of meso-climates, therefore different grape varieties are created, and distinctive wine styles are determined due to temperatures. Pinot Noir and Chardonnay ripe in the areas with relatively low temperature and will be the raw materials to produce table wines. And some varieties require a stricter growing condition. It is suitable for Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling, Cabernet Franc and Shiraz to grow in the areas with the warm temperature. And even some designated vineyard sites and extra management techniques are required. (Adelaide Hills Wine | Varieties & Styles | South Australia.) (n.d, 2019)

(Adelaide Hills Wine | Viticulture | South Australia.)

At Adelaide Hills, the steep slope restricts applying machinery to do viticulture, so growers often hand prune grapevines and handpick grapes. Growers must use different trellises to expand the areas of sunlight penetration on grapes. High humidity can cause pest and fungal disease. To control them with fewer chemicals, farmers require complying with strict management regimes.

(Adelaide Hills Wine | Viticulture | South Australia.)

Adelaide Hills Cellar Doors
There are 51 Adelaide Hills Cellar Doors listed. They occupy around 70 kilometres and are located between fruit orchard and fields. They provide visitors with vineyard tours, regional cuisines, matching wine and food experiences, master classes to share their stories. (Adelaide Hills - Wineries & Cellar Doors, n.d.) (Adelaide Hills Cellar Door Guide, 2019)

Anderson Hill
It lies in Lenswood vineyard with 600 metres altitude in the northern area of Adelaide Hills. The vines are given enough sunlight due to the northeast facing slope. The soil makes grapes ripe slowly in cool summer and has strong flavours. This cellar mainly grows Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Shiraz and Sauvignon Blanc. The whole process of press and fermentation is in the tanks with controlling the temperature strictly. (OUR WINES - Anderson Hill Wines, n.d.)

Artwine
This cellar mainly grows 14 varieties of grapes, including Fiano, Montepulciano, Viognier, Tempranillo, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Graciano, Grenache and so on in Woodside of South Adelaide. The idea of growing new-emerging varieties of grapes is aroused by European varieties. The passion of it is to make those alternative varieties adapt to the climate of Adelaide Hills and Clare Valley. (Artwine, n.d)

Ashton Hills
Compared to the rest of the hill, it is a colder and wetter vineyard with 3 hectares lying in the Piccadilly Valley of the Adelaide Hills. Ashton Hills vineyard supplies grapes including Pinot Noir and Riesling for most Ashton Hill wines. The vineyard’s custodian considers the temperature, humidity and rainfall as 3 key climate variables for growing required grapes at the Adelaide Hills. Ashton Hills is one of the highest vineyards and the average annual rainfall is around 1200mm, causing the perfumes of Pinot Noir increased and the purity of Riesling improved. (Ashton Hills, n.d.)

Barratt Wines
In 2002, the winemaker Lindsay took over the Lobethal vineyard to produce Barratt wines. Due to the challenging environment in Piccadilly Valley (the average annual rainfall is more than 1000mm), the quality of grapes is unpredictable and disease pressures are high. Lindsay loves a challenge and aims to produce the optimal wines from the optimal grapes cultivated by meticulous care. The vineyard occupies 25 acres including 15 acres of grapevines, 2 acres of gardens to grow camellias, Japanese maples, azaleas, silver birches, claret ash and so on. These gardens provide scenery along the road to the visitors coming to the cellar door. (Barratt Wines – Adelaide Hills, Winery & Cellar Door, n.d.)

Barristers Block Wines
There are two vineyards owned by Barristers Block Wines: Wrattonbully vineyard and Woodside vineyard. At Wrattonbully vineyard, the grapes Shiraz and Cabernet are grown in the red loamy soils. At another Woodside vineyard, they mainly cultivate Fiano, Tempranillo, Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc. The Wrattonbully vineyard is family-own. In 1997, the winemaker Barristers Block started to operate it. The cellar door provides lunch 7 days a week, wedding space and accommodation. (Barrister's Block, n.d.)

Bird in Hand
In 1997, the founder Andrew and his father Michael Nugent found an abandoned dairy area in the Adelaide Hills wine region and transformed it into a vineyard. The cellar door Bird in Hand grows Shiraz, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc, in addition to some Italian varieties Montepulciano, Nero D’avola and Arneis. The idea of the founder is that while chasing the quality and excellence of wines, the creativity can be reflected by the combination of agriculture, science and art. Therefore, the fashionable elements can be seen from their products and the Australian musicians are invited by Bird in Hand to have outdoor concerts on the farm. The gallery at Woodside is provided by Bird in Hand.

(Australian Wines, Design | Bird in Hand, n.d.)

(Adelaide Hills - Wineries & Cellar Doors, n.d.)

The extent of destruction
In South Australia, the bushfire in December 2019 damaged around 3300 hectares of vines which are in one of the most productive areas. In vineyards of the Adelaide Hills wine region,  decreased production has reached one third and this huge production equals 794,000 cases of wine which worth $20m. (Kurmelovs, 2019)

Previous observation
In March 2008, a bushfire also struck one vineyard located in the Adelaide Hills wine region. An Observational Study reports that though reproductive growth is affected by scorched grapevines, vines will recover gradually over time. Some viticulture management techniques will rapidly promote recovery of fire-damaged vine back to previous levels, such as leaving a greater amount of nodes retained after pruning or longer and more juicy branches.

(Wilkinson, Gao, & Collins, 2014)

Funding and raising money
A program called 2020 Crush Festival set by wineries. Some of them used this event to help those who were affected by bushfires raise funds by selling wine and meanwhile provide visitors with a good place to enjoy. Each bottle will donate $5 to destroyed place and has already raised more than $76,000. (InDaily, 2020)