User:RL0919/Cultural

Ayn Rand (1905–1982), the Russian-born American writer and philosopher best known for her novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, has influenced politics and popular culture, despite a lack of acceptance for her work in academic circles.

Popular interest
With over 37 million copies sold, Rand's books continue to be read widely. A survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club in 1991 asked club members to name the most influential book in their lives. Rand's Atlas Shrugged was the second most popular choice, after the Bible. Although Rand's influence has been greatest in the United States, there has been international interest in her work.

Rand's works, most commonly Anthem or The Fountainhead, are sometimes assigned as secondary school reading. Since 2002, the Ayn Rand Institute has provided free copies of Rand's novels to teachers who promise to include the books in their curriculum. The Institute had distributed 4.5 million copies in the U.S. and Canada by the end of 2020. In 2017, Rand was added to the required reading list for the A Level Politics exam in the United Kingdom.

Literary influence
Rand's contemporary admirers included fellow novelists, like Ira Levin, Kay Nolte Smith and L. Neil Smith; she has influenced later writers like Erika Holzer (American novelist and essayist, whose books include Double Crossing, Eye for an Eye, and Ayn Rand: My Fiction-writing Teacher), Terry Goodkind (American novelist best known for his series of fantasy novels, The Sword of Truth), Kira Peikoff, (an American journalist and novelist) and J. Neil Schulman (an American writer and filmmaker whose novels include Alongside Night and The Rainbow Cadenza); and comic book artists Steve Ditko (American comic book artist and writer who created or co-created a number of characters, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, Question, the Creeper, and Mr. A) and Frank Miller (American writer, artist, and film director whose works include Batman: The Dark Knight Returns and Sin City).

Business admirers
Rand provided a positive view of business and subsequently many business executives and entrepreneurs have admired and promoted her work. Businessmen such as John Allison (former CEO of BB&T) and Ed Snider (former chairman of Comcast Spectacor) have funded the promotion of Rand's ideas. Other notable business executives who have acknowledged Rand's influence include former Cybex International chairman John Aglialoro, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban, Uber co-founder Travis Kalanick, former Gillette Company CEO James M. Kilts, Whole Foods Market co-founder John Mackey, Craigslist founder Craig Newmark, hedge fund manager Victor Niederhoffer, PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, former hedge fund manager Monroe Trout, and Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales.

Cultural depictions
Television shows, movies, songs, and video games have referred to Rand and her works. Throughout her life she was the subject of many articles in popular magazines, as well as book-length critiques by authors such as the psychologist Albert Ellis and Trinity Foundation president John W. Robbins. Rand or characters based on her figure prominently in novels by American authors, including Kay Nolte Smith, Mary Gaitskill, Matt Ruff, and Tobias Wolff. Nick Gillespie, former editor-in-chief of Reason, remarked that, "Rand's is a tortured immortality, one in which she's as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist. Jibes at Rand as cold and inhuman run through the popular culture." Two movies have been made about Rand's life. A 1997 documentary film, Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The Passion of Ayn Rand, a 1999 television adaptation of the book of the same name, won several awards. Rand's image also appears on a 1999 U.S. postage stamp illustrated by artist Nick Gaetano.

Political influence
Although she rejected the labels "conservative" and "libertarian", Rand has had a continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism. Historian Jennifer Burns referred to her as "the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right".

Rand is often considered one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) in the early development of modern American libertarianism. David Nolan, one founder of the Libertarian Party, said that "without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist". In his history of that movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as "the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large". Political scientist Andrew Koppelman called her "the most widely read libertarian". Several Libertarian presidential candidates have cited her as an influence, including 1972 nominee John Hospers, 1984 nominee David Bergland, 1988 nominee Ron Paul, and 2008 nominee Bob Barr.

Other political figures who cite Rand as an influence are usually conservatives (often members of the Republican Party), despite Rand taking some atypical positions for a conservative, like being pro-choice and an atheist. She faced intense opposition from William F. Buckley Jr. and other contributors to the conservative National Review magazine, which published numerous criticisms of her writings and ideas. Nevertheless, a 1987 article in The New York Times referred to her as the Reagan administration's "novelist laureate". Republican congressmen and conservative pundits have acknowledged her influence on their lives and have recommended her novels. She has influenced some conservative politicians outside the U.S., such as Malcom Fraser in Australia, Sajid Javid in the United Kingdom, Siv Jensen in Norway, and Ayelet Shaked in Israel.

The financial crisis of 2007–2008 spurred renewed interest in her works, especially Atlas Shrugged, which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis. Opinion articles compared real-world events with the novel's plot. Signs mentioning Rand and her fictional hero John Galt appeared at Tea Party protests. There was increased criticism of her ideas, especially from the political left. Critics blamed the economic crisis on her support of selfishness and free markets, particularly through her influence on Alan Greenspan. In 2015, Adam Weiner said that through Greenspan, "Rand had effectively chucked a ticking time bomb into the boiler room of the US economy". Lisa Duggan said that Rand's novels had "incalculable impact" in encouraging the spread of neoliberal political ideas. In 2021, Cass Sunstein said Rand's ideas could be seen in the tax and regulatory policies of the Trump administration, which he attributed to the "enduring influence" of Rand's fiction.

Objectivist movement


After the closure of the Nathaniel Branden Institute, the Objectivist movement continued in other forms. In the 1970s, Peikoff began delivering courses on Objectivism. In 1979, Peter Schwartz started a newsletter called The Intellectual Activist, which Rand endorsed. She also endorsed The Objectivist Forum, a bimonthly magazine founded by Objectivist philosopher Harry Binswanger, which ran from 1980 to 1987.

In 1985, Peikoff worked with businessman Ed Snider to establish the Ayn Rand Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Rand's ideas and works. In 1990, after an ideological disagreement with Peikoff, David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society. In 2001, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia.

Politics and economics people

 * Paul Ryan (1970– ), a Republican member of Congress from Wisconsin. He was the Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2012 election. In 2015 he became the 62nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
 * Clarence Thomas (1948– ), an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He previously served as an assistant secretary at the U.S. Department of Education, chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.


 * Martin Anderson (1936–2015), an economist, policy analyst, author, and advisor to President Ronald Reagan.
 * Walter Block (1941– ), an American Austrian School economist and anarcho-capitalist theorist.
 * Peter Boettke (1960– ), an American economist of the Austrian School.
 * Bryan Caplan (1971– ), an American economist.
 * Tyler Cowen (1962– ), an American economist and writer. He is a professor at George Mason University and is co-author of the economics blog Marginal Revolution.
 * Pamela Geller (1958– ), an American political commentator and co-founder of the organization Stop Islamization of America.
 * Matt Kibbe, President and Chief Community Organizer of Free the People, a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting libertarian ideals
 * Stephan Kinsella (1965– ), an American intellectual property lawyer and author.
 * Gordon McLendon (1921–1986), radio pioneer and founder of the Liberty Broadcasting System.
 * Mark Meckler (1962– ), an American Tea Party activist who co-founded the Tea Party Patriots and later founded Citizens for Self-Governance.
 * Mary Ruwart (1949– ), a retired biomedical researcher and libertarian author and activist.
 * Joseph T. Salerno (1950– ), an American economist of the Austrian School, who is a professor and chair of the economics graduate program at Pace University.
 * Larry J. Sechrest (1946–2008), an American economist of the Austrian School, who advocated free banking and anarcho-capitalism.
 * Joseph Sobran (1946–2010), an American journalist.
 * John Stossel (1947– ), an American author and television journalist. He hosts the show Stossel on the Fox Business Channel.
 * Alex Tabarrok (1966– ), an American economist and writer. He is a professor at George Mason University and is co-author of the economics blog Marginal Revolution.

Objectivists/ish

 * Andrew Bernstein (1949– ), a professor of philosophy.
 * Harry Binswanger (1944– ), an American philosopher and former editor of The Objectivist Forum.
 * Allan Gotthelf (1942–2013), an American philosopher whose books include On Ayn Rand.
 * Stephen Hicks (1960– ), a Canadian-American philosopher.
 * Michelle Marder Kamhi, an American art critic and co-author of the book What Art Is: The Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand.
 * David Kelley (1949– ), an American philosopher. In 1990 he founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies (later renamed The Atlas Society) to promote Objectivism.
 * James G. Lennox (1948– ), a professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh.
 * John David Lewis (1955–2012), a political scientist, historian and Objectivist scholar.
 * Edwin A. Locke (1938– ), an American psychologist and a pioneer in goal-setting theory.
 * Tibor R. Machan (1939–2016), a Hungarian American philosopher who taught at Auburn University.
 * Fred Miller, an emeritus professor of philosophy at Bowling Green State University.
 * Amy Peikoff (c. 1968– ), an American writer and academic.
 * Leonard Peikoff (1933– ), a Canadian-American philosopher and Rand's legal heir. He founded the Ayn Rand Institute in 1985. His books include The Ominous Parallels and Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand.
 * John Ridpath (1936–2021), a Canadian intellectual historian. He was one of the directors of the Ayn Rand Institute from 1994 to 2011.
 * Chris Matthew Sciabarra (1960– ), an American political theorist whose works include Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical. He is the co-founder of The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies.
 * George H. Smith (1949– ), an American author. His works include Atheism: The Case Against God (1974) and Atheism, Ayn Rand and Other Heresies (1991).
 * Tara Smith (1961– ), a professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. Her works include Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist, and she is on the board of directors of the Ayn Rand Institute.

Others

 * Anton LaVey (1930–1997), founder of the Church of Satan.
 * Liu Junning (1961– ), a Chinese political scientist.
 * Roderick T. Long (1964– ), an American professor of philosophy at Auburn University and a libertarian blogger. He is an editor of the Journal of Ayn Rand Studies.
 * Douglas B. Rasmussen (1948– ), an American philosopher and professor at St. John's University. He co-edited The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand, a 1984 collection of essays about Objectivism.
 * Robert Ringer (1938– ), an American author, entrepreneur, and motivational speaker.

Novelists

 * Edward Cline (1946– ), an American novelist and essayist.
 * Hunter S. Thompson (1937–2005), an American author and founder of the gonzo journalism movement. His works include Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and The Rum Diary.

Actors and filmmakers

 * Jeff Britting (1957– ), an American composer, playwright, author, and producer. He worked on the 1997 documentary Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life.
 * Amber Heard (1986– ), an American television and movie actress.
 * Michael Paxton (1957– ), an American filmmaker who directed the documentary Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life.
 * Selvaraghavan Kasthuri Raja (1975– ), an Indian film director, producer, script writer, screenwriter and lyricist who works mostly in Tamil language and Telugu language films.
 * Mark Pellegrino (1965– ), an American actor of film and television.
 * Gene Roddenberry (1921–1991), a screenwriter and producer who created the Star Trek franchise.
 * Vince Vaughn (1970– ), an American actor, screenwriter, and producer.

Other artists

 * Bosch Fawstin, an Eisner nominated American cartoonist
 * Penn Jillette (1955– ), an American entertainer and author best known for his work in the stage magic team Penn & Teller.
 * Neil Peart (1952–2020), the drummer and primary lyricist for the rock band Rush.