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Stereotype threat is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group in which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat reduces the performance of the people who belong to the negatively stereotyped group.

Steele and Aronson
Steele and Aronson conducted an experiment in which they had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white)and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant.

Supporting Studies
A study on chess players shows that if females are made aware of the stereotype that females are worse at chess than males, they perform worse than the controls. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport. Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving stimulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian jaywalker.

Similar Effects

Stereotype lift can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong. Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.

Consequences
Stereotype threat can cause many negative effects on individuals, the most obvious being decreased performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person ."

Alleviation

A simple way to alleviate these negative consequences is to tell people about stereotype threat.