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Self-cleaning materials Materials that can clean their surfaces without external intervention are referred to self-cleaning materials. One well-known example is TiO2 coating, which when reacts with moisture in the presence of sunlight, create free radicals. The resultant free radicals degrade organic materials/smudge. As a result, the surface remains clean. As water plays a key role in this self-cleaning mechanism, therefore, the TiO2 surface is designed such that to obtain a high degree of hydrophilicity to maximize water accumulation on their surface. However, TiO2 coatings are less effective in deserts and arid environment.

Omniphobic surfaces that repel both water- and oily-liquids are also used as self-cleaning surfaces. The early focus of omniphobic surfaces was by creating rough surfaces and subsequent treatment with fluorinated materials to impart excellent water and oil repellency. Recently, smooth omniphobic surfaces are the center of attention. Smooth omniphobic surfaces are more robust, and stable under pressure relative to the rough surface. Smooth omnihphobic coatings can keep glass windows, solar panels, and sensors clean without the need for frequent cleaning. While, smooth omniphobic coatings often rely on fluorinated materials, but recently fluorine-free, commercially viable approaches have been introduced.