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Raising to Object in Small Clauses

Since small clauses are related to the phenomena of raising-to-object, it is important to discuss this theory in more detail.

Raising-to-object behaviour overlaps with ECM also known as Exceptional case-marking, which both license small clauses.

Examples of ECM verbs are consider and want. Raising-to-object with a direct object is illustrated with the sentences below with the verb proved:

As we can see from the table above, the bolded constituents represent the small clause of the sentence. The small clauses have raised from an embedded clause to a main clause.

Raising (linguistics) is obligatory in small clauses for the make out construction. This is evident by the grammaticality of (i) and ungrammaticality of (ii) without raising-to-object behaviour as demonstrated in the table below:

The range of scope can also implicate the subject of Raising in small clauses. Semantically, wide scope entails a general situation, for example, where everyone has some person that they love, whereas narrow scope entails a specific situation, for example, where everyone love the same person. Considering only verbless small clauses, small clauses are only accessibly with the wide range of scope with respect to the main verb.

Expressive Small Clauses

Expressive Small Clauses, like SCs are verbless and the noun does not carry descriptive content but instead carries expressive content.

Expressive Small Clauses are evidence that small clauses learned in early development, last until adulthood for language speakers.

ESCs are illustrated with the table below:

Expressive small clauses are never used in an argument position of the phrase as seen in (d) and are not within the embedded clause of a sentence as seen in (e), since both of the examples below are ungrammatical. The bolded constituents are the ESCs.